NIH PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF CLINICAL
RESEARCH IPPCR FINAL PAPER 2026
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ What historical events influenced the development of research ethics?
Answer: Human rights abuses related to experimentation, such as the
Tuskegee Airmen and WWII studies.
◉ What is the primary ethical principle that emphasizes the protection of
human participants in research? Answer: First do no harm.
◉ What is the role of Institutional Review Boards (IRBs)? Answer: To
independently review research plans and ensure that participants are
treated fairly.
◉ What key document outlines ethical principles and guidelines for
research involving human subjects? Answer: The Belmont Report.
◉ What are the three ethical principles outlined in the Belmont Report?
Answer: Respect for persons, beneficence, and justice.
◉ What does 'Respect for Persons' entail in research ethics? Answer: It
requires recognizing participants as individuals who participate by free
choice and providing informed consent.
, ◉ What is informed consent? Answer: The knowing consent of an
individual or legally authorized representative who can exercise free
choice without undue influence.
◉ What does beneficence mean in the context of research ethics?
Answer: Ensuring the well-being of research participants and
maximizing benefits while minimizing risks.
◉ What does the principle of justice in research ethics refer to? Answer:
Equal treatment of people and fair distribution of burdens and benefits in
research.
◉ How should researchers ensure informed consent is comprehensible?
Answer: Informed consent documents should be written at a 6th-8th
grade reading level.
◉ What is the significance of privacy and confidentiality in research?
Answer: Data collected is privileged information and should only be
used for the research purpose, ensuring participant anonymity.
◉ What is the purpose of withholding treatment in experimental
research designs? Answer: To confirm the effect of a treatment by
comparing an experimental group with a control group.
RESEARCH IPPCR FINAL PAPER 2026
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ What historical events influenced the development of research ethics?
Answer: Human rights abuses related to experimentation, such as the
Tuskegee Airmen and WWII studies.
◉ What is the primary ethical principle that emphasizes the protection of
human participants in research? Answer: First do no harm.
◉ What is the role of Institutional Review Boards (IRBs)? Answer: To
independently review research plans and ensure that participants are
treated fairly.
◉ What key document outlines ethical principles and guidelines for
research involving human subjects? Answer: The Belmont Report.
◉ What are the three ethical principles outlined in the Belmont Report?
Answer: Respect for persons, beneficence, and justice.
◉ What does 'Respect for Persons' entail in research ethics? Answer: It
requires recognizing participants as individuals who participate by free
choice and providing informed consent.
, ◉ What is informed consent? Answer: The knowing consent of an
individual or legally authorized representative who can exercise free
choice without undue influence.
◉ What does beneficence mean in the context of research ethics?
Answer: Ensuring the well-being of research participants and
maximizing benefits while minimizing risks.
◉ What does the principle of justice in research ethics refer to? Answer:
Equal treatment of people and fair distribution of burdens and benefits in
research.
◉ How should researchers ensure informed consent is comprehensible?
Answer: Informed consent documents should be written at a 6th-8th
grade reading level.
◉ What is the significance of privacy and confidentiality in research?
Answer: Data collected is privileged information and should only be
used for the research purpose, ensuring participant anonymity.
◉ What is the purpose of withholding treatment in experimental
research designs? Answer: To confirm the effect of a treatment by
comparing an experimental group with a control group.
