PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 8TH EDITION MCCANCE TEST BANK `n `n `n `n `n
Chapter 1: Cellular Biology
`n `n `n
MULTIPLE CHOICE `n
1. Which statement best describes the cellular function of metabolic absorption?
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
a. Cells can produce proteins. c. Cells can take in and use nutrients.
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
b. Cells can secrete digestive enzymes. d. Cells can synthesize fats.
`n `n `n `n ` n `n `n `n
ANS: C `n
In metabolic absorption, all cells take in and use nutrients and other substances from
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
theirsurroundings. The remaining options are not inclusive in their descriptions of
`n ǹ `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
cellular metabolic absorption.
`n `n `n
PTS: `n `n ` n 1 REF: ` n Page 2 `n
2. Most of a cell’s genetic information, including RNA and DNA, is contained in the:
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
a. Mitochondria c. Nucleolus
b. Ribosome d. Lysosome `n `n ` n
ANS: C `n
The nucleus contains the nucleolus, a small dense structure composed largely of RNA,
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
most of the cellular DNA, and the DNA-binding proteins, such as the histones, which
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
regulate its activity. The other options do not contain most of a cell’s genetic
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
information.
`n
PTS: `n `n ` n 1 REF: ` n Page 2 `n
3. Which component of the cell prodNuU
ceRsSIhNyGdTroBg.CenOM
`n peroxide (H2O2) by using oxygen `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
`n to remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction?
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
a. Lysosomes c. Ribosomes
b. Peroxisomes d. Oxyhydrosomes ` n
ANS: B `n
Peroxisomes are so named because they usually contain enzymes that use oxygen to
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction that produces
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
H2O2, which is a powerful oxidant and potentially destructive if it accumulates or escapes
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
from peroxisomes. Ribosomes are RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the nuclear
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
envelope called nuclear pore complexes. Lysosomes are saclike structures that originate
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
from the Golgi complex and contain more than 40 digestive enzymes called hydrolases,
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
which catalyze bonds in proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates.
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
Oxyhydrosomesare involved in enzyme production.
`n ǹ `n `n `n `n
PTS: `n `n ` n 1 REF: ` n Page 8 `n
4. Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is released during
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
cellinjury?
`n ǹ
a. Ribosome c. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum `n `n
b. Golgi complex `n d. Lysosomes
` n
ANS: D `n
NURSINGTB.COM
, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 8TH EDITION MCCANCE TEST BANK `n `n `n `n `n
The lysosomal membrane acts as a protective shield between the powerful digestive
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
enzymes within the lysosome and the cytoplasm, preventing their leakage into the
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
cytoplasmic matrix. Disruption of the membrane by various treatments or cellular injury
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
leads to a release of the lysosomal enzymes, which can then react with their specific
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
substrates, causing cellular self-digestion. The other options do not correctly describe
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
thisprocess.
`n ǹ
PTS: `n `n ` n 1 REF: ` n Pages 7-8 `n
5. What is the sequence of steps in the development of a digestive enzyme by the
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
`n pancreascells from the initial transcription to the release from the cell?
ǹ `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
a. The enzyme is transcribed from DNA by RNA in the nucleus, proceeds to
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
theribosome for synthesis, and is transported in a secretory vesicle to the
`n ǹ `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
cell membrane.
`n `n
b. The enzyme is transcribed from RNA by DNA in the nucleus, proceeds to the
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
lysosome for synthesis, and is transported in an encapsulated membrane to the
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
cellmembrane.
`n ǹ
c. The enzyme is transcribed by the mitochondria in the nucleus, proceeds to the
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
ribosome for synthesis, and is transported in a cytoskeleton to the cell
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
membrane.`n
d. The enzyme is transcribed from DNA by RNA in the nucleus, proceeds to the
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
Golgi complex for synthesis, and is transported in a cytosol to the cell
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
membrane.`n
ANS: A `n
The enzyme is transcribed from DNA by RNA in the nucleus, proceeds to the
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
ribosomefor synthesis, and is transported in a secretory vesicle to the cell membrane.
`n ǹ `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
The other options do not correctly describe this process.
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
NURSINGTB.COM
PTS: `n `n ` n 1 REF: ` n Page 7 | Figure 1-5 `n `n `n `n
6. During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA synthesized?
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
a. G1 c. G2
b. S d. M ` n
ANS: B `n
The four designated phases of the cell cycle are: (1) the G1 phase (G = gap), which is the
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
period between the M phase (M = mitosis) and the start of DNA synthesis; (2) the S
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
phase(S = synthesis), during which DNA is synthesized in the cell nucleus; (3) the G2
`n ǹ `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
phase, during which RNA and protein synthesis occurs, the period between the
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
completion of DNA synthesis and the next phase (M); and (4) the M phase, which
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
includes nuclear and cytoplasmic division.
`n `n `n `n `n
PTS: `n `n ` n 1 REF: ` n Page 37 `n
7. What organic compound facilitates transportation across cell membranes by acting
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
asreceptors, transport channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to drive active pumps?
`n ǹ `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
a. Lipids c. Proteins
b. Proteases d. Carbohydrates ` n
ANS: C `n
NURSINGTB.COM
, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 8TH EDITION MCCANCE TEST BANK `n `n `n `n `n
Proteins act as (1) recognition and binding units (receptors) for substances moving in
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
andout of the cell; (2) pores or transport channels for various electrically charged
`n ǹ `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
particles called ions or electrolytes and specific carriers for amino acids and
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
monosaccharides; and
`n `n
(3) specific enzymes that drive active pumps that promote the concentration of
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
certainions, particularly potassium (K+), within the cell while keeping concentrations of
`n ǹ `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
otherions, for example, sodium (Na+), below the concentrations found in the
`n ǹ `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
extracellular environment. The other options do not correctly describe this process.
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
PTS: `n `n ` n 1 REF: ` n Page 13 | Page 15 `n `n `n `n
8. Understanding the various steps of proteolytic cascades, such as caspase-mediated `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
apoptosis and complement cascades, may be useful in designing drug therapy for
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
whichhuman diseases?
`n ǹ `n
a. Cardiac and vascular disorders `n `n `n
b. Autoimmune and malignant disorders `n `n `n
c. Gastrointestinal and renal disorders `n `n `n
d. Endocrine and gastrointestinal disorders `n `n `n
ANS: B `n
Understanding the various steps involved in this process is crucial for designing drug `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
interventions. Dysregulation of proteases features prominently in many human
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
diseases,including cancer, autoimmunity, and neurodegenerative disorders. The other
`n ǹ `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
options donot correctly describe this process.
`n `n ǹ `n `n `n `n
PTS: `n `n ` n 1 REF: Page 15 `n `n `n `n
9. Which structure prevents water-soluble molecules from entering cells across the plasma
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
NURSINGTB.COM
membrane?
a. Carbohydrate chains `n c. Membrane channel proteins `n `n
b. Glycoprotein channels `n d. Lipid bilayer
` n `n
ANS: D `n
The bilayer’s structure accounts for one of the essential functions of the plasma
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
membrane. It is impermeable to most water-soluble molecules (molecules that dissolve
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
inwater) because the water-soluble molecules are insoluble in the oily core region. The
`n ǹ `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
bilayer serves as a barrier to the diffusion of water and hydrophilic substances while
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
allowing lipid-soluble molecules, such as oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2), to
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
diffuse through it readily. The other options do not correctly describe this process.
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
PTS: `n `n ` n 1 REF: ` n Pages 12-13 `n
10. The fluid mosaic model explains:
`n `n `n `n
a. How a cell membrane functions `n `n `n `n
b. Why our bodies appear to be solid `n `n `n `n `n `n
c. How tissue is differentiated `n `n `n
d. How fluid moves between the intracellular and extracellular compartments
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
ANS: A `n
The fluid mosaic model accounts for the flexibility of cellular membranes, their
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
self-sealing properties, and their impermeability to many substances. The
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
remainingoptions do not explain the mosaic model.
`n ǹ `n `n `n `n `n `n
NURSINGTB.COM
, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 8TH EDITION MCCANCE TEST BANK `n `n `n `n `n
PTS: `n `n ` n 1 REF: ` n Page 12 | What's New box `n `n `n `n `n
11. Which form of cell communication is used to communicate within the cell itself and
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
withother cells in direct physical contact?
`n ǹ `n `n `n `n `n
a. Protein channel (gap junction) `n `n `n
b. Plasma membrane–bound signaling molecules (involving receptors)
`n `n `n `n `n
c. Hormone secretion such as neurotransmitters `n `n `n `n
d. Extracellular chemical messengers such as ligands `n `n `n `n `n
ANS: A `n
Cells communicate by using hundreds of kinds of signal molecules, for example,
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
insulin.Cells communicate in three main ways; they display plasma membrane–bound
`n ǹ `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
signalingmolecules (receptors) that affect the cell itself and other cells in direct
`n ǹ `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
physical contact. The other options do not correctly describe this process.
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
PTS: `n `n ` n 1 REF: ` n Page 20 `n
12. Which mode of chemical signaling uses blood to transport communication to cells
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
somedistance away?
`n ǹ `n
a. Paracrine c. Neurotransmitter
b. Autocrine d. Hormonal ` n
ANS: D `n
Chemical signaling can be classified into three categories: (1) local-chemical mediator,
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
(2)hormone, and (3) neurotransmitter. In the local-chemical mediator model, the secreted
`n ǹ `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
chemical acts on the cells in the immediate environment. Hormones are used for
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
communication with distant targetNcUeRllSsI.NFGoTrBe.xCaOmMple, cells can secrete a chemical and
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
rely on the blood system to deliver the signal to a distant cell. Finally, neurotransmitters
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
are secreted by neurons to stimulate an adjoining cell. For example, a neuron might
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
secrete acetylcholine to stimulate the movement of a muscle cell.
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
PTS: `n `n ` n 1 REF: ` n Page 20 `n
13. Which mode of chemical signaling uses local chemical mediators that are quickly
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
takenup, destroyed, or immobilized?
`n ǹ `n `n `n
a. Paracrine c. Neurotransmitter
b. Autocrine d. Hormone ` n
ANS: A `n
In paracrine signaling, cells secrete local chemical mediators that are quickly taken
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
up,destroyed, or immobilized. The other options do not correctly describe this process.
`n ǹ `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
PTS: `n `n ` n 1 REF: ` n Page 20 `n
14. Neurotransmitters affect the postsynaptic membrane by binding `n `n `n `n `n `n
to: `n
a. Lipids c. Amphipathic lipids `n
b. Ribosomes d. Receptors ` n
ANS: D `n
In each type of chemical signaling, the target cell receives the signal by first attaching
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
toits receptors. The other options do not correctly describe this process.
`n ǹ `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
NURSINGTB.COM
Chapter 1: Cellular Biology
`n `n `n
MULTIPLE CHOICE `n
1. Which statement best describes the cellular function of metabolic absorption?
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
a. Cells can produce proteins. c. Cells can take in and use nutrients.
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
b. Cells can secrete digestive enzymes. d. Cells can synthesize fats.
`n `n `n `n ` n `n `n `n
ANS: C `n
In metabolic absorption, all cells take in and use nutrients and other substances from
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
theirsurroundings. The remaining options are not inclusive in their descriptions of
`n ǹ `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
cellular metabolic absorption.
`n `n `n
PTS: `n `n ` n 1 REF: ` n Page 2 `n
2. Most of a cell’s genetic information, including RNA and DNA, is contained in the:
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
a. Mitochondria c. Nucleolus
b. Ribosome d. Lysosome `n `n ` n
ANS: C `n
The nucleus contains the nucleolus, a small dense structure composed largely of RNA,
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
most of the cellular DNA, and the DNA-binding proteins, such as the histones, which
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
regulate its activity. The other options do not contain most of a cell’s genetic
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
information.
`n
PTS: `n `n ` n 1 REF: ` n Page 2 `n
3. Which component of the cell prodNuU
ceRsSIhNyGdTroBg.CenOM
`n peroxide (H2O2) by using oxygen `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
`n to remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction?
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
a. Lysosomes c. Ribosomes
b. Peroxisomes d. Oxyhydrosomes ` n
ANS: B `n
Peroxisomes are so named because they usually contain enzymes that use oxygen to
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction that produces
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
H2O2, which is a powerful oxidant and potentially destructive if it accumulates or escapes
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
from peroxisomes. Ribosomes are RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the nuclear
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
envelope called nuclear pore complexes. Lysosomes are saclike structures that originate
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
from the Golgi complex and contain more than 40 digestive enzymes called hydrolases,
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
which catalyze bonds in proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates.
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
Oxyhydrosomesare involved in enzyme production.
`n ǹ `n `n `n `n
PTS: `n `n ` n 1 REF: ` n Page 8 `n
4. Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is released during
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
cellinjury?
`n ǹ
a. Ribosome c. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum `n `n
b. Golgi complex `n d. Lysosomes
` n
ANS: D `n
NURSINGTB.COM
, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 8TH EDITION MCCANCE TEST BANK `n `n `n `n `n
The lysosomal membrane acts as a protective shield between the powerful digestive
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
enzymes within the lysosome and the cytoplasm, preventing their leakage into the
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
cytoplasmic matrix. Disruption of the membrane by various treatments or cellular injury
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
leads to a release of the lysosomal enzymes, which can then react with their specific
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
substrates, causing cellular self-digestion. The other options do not correctly describe
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
thisprocess.
`n ǹ
PTS: `n `n ` n 1 REF: ` n Pages 7-8 `n
5. What is the sequence of steps in the development of a digestive enzyme by the
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
`n pancreascells from the initial transcription to the release from the cell?
ǹ `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
a. The enzyme is transcribed from DNA by RNA in the nucleus, proceeds to
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
theribosome for synthesis, and is transported in a secretory vesicle to the
`n ǹ `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
cell membrane.
`n `n
b. The enzyme is transcribed from RNA by DNA in the nucleus, proceeds to the
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
lysosome for synthesis, and is transported in an encapsulated membrane to the
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
cellmembrane.
`n ǹ
c. The enzyme is transcribed by the mitochondria in the nucleus, proceeds to the
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
ribosome for synthesis, and is transported in a cytoskeleton to the cell
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
membrane.`n
d. The enzyme is transcribed from DNA by RNA in the nucleus, proceeds to the
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
Golgi complex for synthesis, and is transported in a cytosol to the cell
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
membrane.`n
ANS: A `n
The enzyme is transcribed from DNA by RNA in the nucleus, proceeds to the
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
ribosomefor synthesis, and is transported in a secretory vesicle to the cell membrane.
`n ǹ `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
The other options do not correctly describe this process.
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
NURSINGTB.COM
PTS: `n `n ` n 1 REF: ` n Page 7 | Figure 1-5 `n `n `n `n
6. During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA synthesized?
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
a. G1 c. G2
b. S d. M ` n
ANS: B `n
The four designated phases of the cell cycle are: (1) the G1 phase (G = gap), which is the
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
period between the M phase (M = mitosis) and the start of DNA synthesis; (2) the S
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
phase(S = synthesis), during which DNA is synthesized in the cell nucleus; (3) the G2
`n ǹ `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
phase, during which RNA and protein synthesis occurs, the period between the
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
completion of DNA synthesis and the next phase (M); and (4) the M phase, which
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
includes nuclear and cytoplasmic division.
`n `n `n `n `n
PTS: `n `n ` n 1 REF: ` n Page 37 `n
7. What organic compound facilitates transportation across cell membranes by acting
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
asreceptors, transport channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to drive active pumps?
`n ǹ `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
a. Lipids c. Proteins
b. Proteases d. Carbohydrates ` n
ANS: C `n
NURSINGTB.COM
, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 8TH EDITION MCCANCE TEST BANK `n `n `n `n `n
Proteins act as (1) recognition and binding units (receptors) for substances moving in
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
andout of the cell; (2) pores or transport channels for various electrically charged
`n ǹ `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
particles called ions or electrolytes and specific carriers for amino acids and
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
monosaccharides; and
`n `n
(3) specific enzymes that drive active pumps that promote the concentration of
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
certainions, particularly potassium (K+), within the cell while keeping concentrations of
`n ǹ `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
otherions, for example, sodium (Na+), below the concentrations found in the
`n ǹ `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
extracellular environment. The other options do not correctly describe this process.
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
PTS: `n `n ` n 1 REF: ` n Page 13 | Page 15 `n `n `n `n
8. Understanding the various steps of proteolytic cascades, such as caspase-mediated `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
apoptosis and complement cascades, may be useful in designing drug therapy for
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
whichhuman diseases?
`n ǹ `n
a. Cardiac and vascular disorders `n `n `n
b. Autoimmune and malignant disorders `n `n `n
c. Gastrointestinal and renal disorders `n `n `n
d. Endocrine and gastrointestinal disorders `n `n `n
ANS: B `n
Understanding the various steps involved in this process is crucial for designing drug `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
interventions. Dysregulation of proteases features prominently in many human
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
diseases,including cancer, autoimmunity, and neurodegenerative disorders. The other
`n ǹ `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
options donot correctly describe this process.
`n `n ǹ `n `n `n `n
PTS: `n `n ` n 1 REF: Page 15 `n `n `n `n
9. Which structure prevents water-soluble molecules from entering cells across the plasma
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
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membrane?
a. Carbohydrate chains `n c. Membrane channel proteins `n `n
b. Glycoprotein channels `n d. Lipid bilayer
` n `n
ANS: D `n
The bilayer’s structure accounts for one of the essential functions of the plasma
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
membrane. It is impermeable to most water-soluble molecules (molecules that dissolve
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
inwater) because the water-soluble molecules are insoluble in the oily core region. The
`n ǹ `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
bilayer serves as a barrier to the diffusion of water and hydrophilic substances while
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
allowing lipid-soluble molecules, such as oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2), to
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
diffuse through it readily. The other options do not correctly describe this process.
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
PTS: `n `n ` n 1 REF: ` n Pages 12-13 `n
10. The fluid mosaic model explains:
`n `n `n `n
a. How a cell membrane functions `n `n `n `n
b. Why our bodies appear to be solid `n `n `n `n `n `n
c. How tissue is differentiated `n `n `n
d. How fluid moves between the intracellular and extracellular compartments
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
ANS: A `n
The fluid mosaic model accounts for the flexibility of cellular membranes, their
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
self-sealing properties, and their impermeability to many substances. The
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
remainingoptions do not explain the mosaic model.
`n ǹ `n `n `n `n `n `n
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, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 8TH EDITION MCCANCE TEST BANK `n `n `n `n `n
PTS: `n `n ` n 1 REF: ` n Page 12 | What's New box `n `n `n `n `n
11. Which form of cell communication is used to communicate within the cell itself and
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
withother cells in direct physical contact?
`n ǹ `n `n `n `n `n
a. Protein channel (gap junction) `n `n `n
b. Plasma membrane–bound signaling molecules (involving receptors)
`n `n `n `n `n
c. Hormone secretion such as neurotransmitters `n `n `n `n
d. Extracellular chemical messengers such as ligands `n `n `n `n `n
ANS: A `n
Cells communicate by using hundreds of kinds of signal molecules, for example,
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
insulin.Cells communicate in three main ways; they display plasma membrane–bound
`n ǹ `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
signalingmolecules (receptors) that affect the cell itself and other cells in direct
`n ǹ `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
physical contact. The other options do not correctly describe this process.
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
PTS: `n `n ` n 1 REF: ` n Page 20 `n
12. Which mode of chemical signaling uses blood to transport communication to cells
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
somedistance away?
`n ǹ `n
a. Paracrine c. Neurotransmitter
b. Autocrine d. Hormonal ` n
ANS: D `n
Chemical signaling can be classified into three categories: (1) local-chemical mediator,
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
(2)hormone, and (3) neurotransmitter. In the local-chemical mediator model, the secreted
`n ǹ `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
chemical acts on the cells in the immediate environment. Hormones are used for
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
communication with distant targetNcUeRllSsI.NFGoTrBe.xCaOmMple, cells can secrete a chemical and
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
rely on the blood system to deliver the signal to a distant cell. Finally, neurotransmitters
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
are secreted by neurons to stimulate an adjoining cell. For example, a neuron might
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
secrete acetylcholine to stimulate the movement of a muscle cell.
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
PTS: `n `n ` n 1 REF: ` n Page 20 `n
13. Which mode of chemical signaling uses local chemical mediators that are quickly
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
takenup, destroyed, or immobilized?
`n ǹ `n `n `n
a. Paracrine c. Neurotransmitter
b. Autocrine d. Hormone ` n
ANS: A `n
In paracrine signaling, cells secrete local chemical mediators that are quickly taken
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
up,destroyed, or immobilized. The other options do not correctly describe this process.
`n ǹ `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
PTS: `n `n ` n 1 REF: ` n Page 20 `n
14. Neurotransmitters affect the postsynaptic membrane by binding `n `n `n `n `n `n
to: `n
a. Lipids c. Amphipathic lipids `n
b. Ribosomes d. Receptors ` n
ANS: D `n
In each type of chemical signaling, the target cell receives the signal by first attaching
`n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
toits receptors. The other options do not correctly describe this process.
`n ǹ `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n `n
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