NSG 5003 FINAL WEEK 10 EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT
ANSWERS LATEST VERSION 2025/2026.
Understanding the various steps of proteolytic cascades, such as caspase-mediated apoptosis
and complement cascades, may be useful in designing drug therapy for which human diseases?
- ANS Autoimmune and malignant disorders
Why is it possible for potassium to diffuse easily into and out of cells? - ANS The resting
plasma membrane is more permeable to potassium
The loss of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during ischemia causes cells to - ANS swell
because of the influx of sodium chloride
Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which diseases -
ANS Cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and ischemic heart disease
Free Radicals cause cell damage by: - ANS Giving up an electron, which causes injury to the
chemical bonds of the cell membrane
What is a consequence of plasma membrane damage to the mitochondria? - ANS Influx of
calcium ions halts ATP production.
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,What is a consequence of leakage of lysosomal enzymes during chemical injury? -
ANS Enzymatic digestion of the nucleus and nucleolus occurs, halting DNA synthesis.
Which statement is a description of the characteristics of apoptosis? - ANS Programmed cell
death of scattered, single cells
During cell injury caused by hypoxia, an increase in the osmotic pressure occurs within the cell
because - ANS Sodium chloride enters the cell
What physiologic change occurs during heat exhaustion? - ANS Hemoconcentration occurs
because of the loss of salt and water.
In hypoxic injury, sodium enters the cell and causes swelling because - ANS ATP is insufficient
to maintain the pump that keeps sodium out of the cell.
What is the cause of free calcium in the cytosol that damages cell membranes by uncontrolled
enzyme activation? - ANS Depletion of ATP normally pumps calcium from the cell.
What is the single most common cause of cellular injury? - ANS Hypoxic injury
During cell injury caused by hypoxia, sodium and water move into the cell because - ANS The
pump that transports sodium out of the cell cannot function because of a decrease in ATP
levels.
Current research has determined that chemical-induced cellular injury: - ANS Is often the
result of the damage caused by reactive free radicals.
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, A major determinant of the resting membrane potential necessary for the transmission of nerve
impulses is the ratio between - ANS Intracellular and extracellular K+
During acidosis, the body compensates for the increase in serum hydrogen ions by shifting
hydrogen ions into the cell in exchange for which electrolyte? - ANS Potassium
Causes of hyperkalemia include: - ANS Renal failure and Addison disease
In hyperkalemia, what change occurs to the cells' resting membrane potential? -
ANS Hypopolarization
The calcium and phosphate balance is influenced by which three substances? -
ANS Parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and vitamin D
It is true that Kussmaul respirations indicate: - ANS A compensatory measure is needed to
correct metabolic acidosis.
Chvostek and Trousseau signs indicate which electrolyte imbalance? - ANS Hypocalcemia
An excessive use of magnesium-containing antacids and aluminum-containing antacids can
result in: - ANS Hypophosphatemia
The most common cause of hypermagnesemia is: - ANS Renal failure
The existence of hyperkalemia is likely to result in which changes to a person's
electrocardiogram (ECG)? - ANS Peaked T waves
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT
ANSWERS LATEST VERSION 2025/2026.
Understanding the various steps of proteolytic cascades, such as caspase-mediated apoptosis
and complement cascades, may be useful in designing drug therapy for which human diseases?
- ANS Autoimmune and malignant disorders
Why is it possible for potassium to diffuse easily into and out of cells? - ANS The resting
plasma membrane is more permeable to potassium
The loss of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during ischemia causes cells to - ANS swell
because of the influx of sodium chloride
Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which diseases -
ANS Cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and ischemic heart disease
Free Radicals cause cell damage by: - ANS Giving up an electron, which causes injury to the
chemical bonds of the cell membrane
What is a consequence of plasma membrane damage to the mitochondria? - ANS Influx of
calcium ions halts ATP production.
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,What is a consequence of leakage of lysosomal enzymes during chemical injury? -
ANS Enzymatic digestion of the nucleus and nucleolus occurs, halting DNA synthesis.
Which statement is a description of the characteristics of apoptosis? - ANS Programmed cell
death of scattered, single cells
During cell injury caused by hypoxia, an increase in the osmotic pressure occurs within the cell
because - ANS Sodium chloride enters the cell
What physiologic change occurs during heat exhaustion? - ANS Hemoconcentration occurs
because of the loss of salt and water.
In hypoxic injury, sodium enters the cell and causes swelling because - ANS ATP is insufficient
to maintain the pump that keeps sodium out of the cell.
What is the cause of free calcium in the cytosol that damages cell membranes by uncontrolled
enzyme activation? - ANS Depletion of ATP normally pumps calcium from the cell.
What is the single most common cause of cellular injury? - ANS Hypoxic injury
During cell injury caused by hypoxia, sodium and water move into the cell because - ANS The
pump that transports sodium out of the cell cannot function because of a decrease in ATP
levels.
Current research has determined that chemical-induced cellular injury: - ANS Is often the
result of the damage caused by reactive free radicals.
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, A major determinant of the resting membrane potential necessary for the transmission of nerve
impulses is the ratio between - ANS Intracellular and extracellular K+
During acidosis, the body compensates for the increase in serum hydrogen ions by shifting
hydrogen ions into the cell in exchange for which electrolyte? - ANS Potassium
Causes of hyperkalemia include: - ANS Renal failure and Addison disease
In hyperkalemia, what change occurs to the cells' resting membrane potential? -
ANS Hypopolarization
The calcium and phosphate balance is influenced by which three substances? -
ANS Parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and vitamin D
It is true that Kussmaul respirations indicate: - ANS A compensatory measure is needed to
correct metabolic acidosis.
Chvostek and Trousseau signs indicate which electrolyte imbalance? - ANS Hypocalcemia
An excessive use of magnesium-containing antacids and aluminum-containing antacids can
result in: - ANS Hypophosphatemia
The most common cause of hypermagnesemia is: - ANS Renal failure
The existence of hyperkalemia is likely to result in which changes to a person's
electrocardiogram (ECG)? - ANS Peaked T waves
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
