PEDIATRIC 25 CLIPP CASE| INFANT HEALTH ASSESSMENT EXAM 2025/2026 WITH 100%
ACCURATE ANSWERS
C.N.S. causes of apnea - (ANSWER)Seizures, structural abnormalities, metabolic disorders, electrolyte
abnormalities, genetic syndromes or epilepsy.
Breath-holding spells
An infant's CNS respiratory center is sensitive to any event that causes increased intracranial pressure: a
bleed, trauma, tumor or infection. Any of these may result in abnormalities of breathing or apnea.
What are breath holding spells? what ages are they seen in? - (ANSWER)Breath-holding spells
age 6 months to 6 years.
The term breath-holding is a misnomer in that it connotes prolonged inspiration. In fact, breath-holding
occurs during expiration and is reflexive in nature. The child starts to cry and then suddenly falls silent in
the expiratory phase of respiration. This is followed by a color change. Spells can be described as pallid
(acyanotic) or cyanotic. Pallid spells are typically associated with an injury such as a fall and cyanotic
spells with anger. The spell may resolve spontaneously, or the child may lose consciousness. Only rarely
does a spell proceed to a seizure or asystole.
Possible cardiac causes of apnea - (ANSWER)An infant with bradycardia secondary to congenital heart
block or long QT syndrome is at risk for apnea.
also, tetralogy of fallot
What is a more common type of arrhythmia but doesn't usually cause apnea - (ANSWER)SVT
(supraventricular tachycardia) is a more common arrhythmia in infants, but it is an unlikely cause of
apnea.
What is the most common pulmonary cause of apnea? - (ANSWER)The most common respiratory cause
of apnea is respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection.
also, pertussis and lower respiratory infections (e.g., viral and bacterial pneumonias) may also cause
apnea
, PEDIATRIC 25 CLIPP CASE| INFANT HEALTH ASSESSMENT EXAM 2025/2026 WITH 100%
ACCURATE ANSWERS
Those at highest risk of R.S.V. - (ANSWER)Premature infants and infants younger than 2 months are at
highest risk for apnea with RSV.
G.I. causes of apnea in infants - (ANSWER)G.E.R.D.
Swallowing abnormalities
Tracheoesophaeal fistula should be considered in any infant who has a chronic history of coughing or
difficulty with feeds.
infectious cause of apnea in infants less than one year old - (ANSWER)Exposure to botulinum toxin (in
soil or in honey) can lead to hypotonia, constipation, paralysis, and respiratory failure-usually in infants
under one year of age.
What does B.R.U.E. stand for? - (ANSWER)Brief Resolved Unexplained Event "BRUE"
Define B.R.U.E. - (ANSWER)A BRUE is defined as an event occurring in an infant younger than 1 year
when the observer reports a sudden, brief, and now-resolved episode that includes one or more of the
following:
cyanosis or pallor
absent, decreased, or irregular breathing marked change in tone (hyper- or hypotonia) altered level of
responsiveness.
Info about B.R.U.E. - (ANSWER)BRUE is used to define events only when no underlying etiology is found,
and the infant has returned to baseline state of health. Thus, BRUE is a diagnosis of exclusion. The
patient must have a reassuring history, physical examination, and vital signs at the time of evaluation.
What initial steps should be taken when an infant neurologically deteriorates - (ANSWER)When infants
deteriorate neurologically, they often stop breathing or seize. Initial steps should include calling a rapid
response team (A), ensuring that CPR equipment and trained personnel are readily available (B), and
obtaining IV access in case the baby deteriorates further and needs medications or IV fluid
ACCURATE ANSWERS
C.N.S. causes of apnea - (ANSWER)Seizures, structural abnormalities, metabolic disorders, electrolyte
abnormalities, genetic syndromes or epilepsy.
Breath-holding spells
An infant's CNS respiratory center is sensitive to any event that causes increased intracranial pressure: a
bleed, trauma, tumor or infection. Any of these may result in abnormalities of breathing or apnea.
What are breath holding spells? what ages are they seen in? - (ANSWER)Breath-holding spells
age 6 months to 6 years.
The term breath-holding is a misnomer in that it connotes prolonged inspiration. In fact, breath-holding
occurs during expiration and is reflexive in nature. The child starts to cry and then suddenly falls silent in
the expiratory phase of respiration. This is followed by a color change. Spells can be described as pallid
(acyanotic) or cyanotic. Pallid spells are typically associated with an injury such as a fall and cyanotic
spells with anger. The spell may resolve spontaneously, or the child may lose consciousness. Only rarely
does a spell proceed to a seizure or asystole.
Possible cardiac causes of apnea - (ANSWER)An infant with bradycardia secondary to congenital heart
block or long QT syndrome is at risk for apnea.
also, tetralogy of fallot
What is a more common type of arrhythmia but doesn't usually cause apnea - (ANSWER)SVT
(supraventricular tachycardia) is a more common arrhythmia in infants, but it is an unlikely cause of
apnea.
What is the most common pulmonary cause of apnea? - (ANSWER)The most common respiratory cause
of apnea is respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection.
also, pertussis and lower respiratory infections (e.g., viral and bacterial pneumonias) may also cause
apnea
, PEDIATRIC 25 CLIPP CASE| INFANT HEALTH ASSESSMENT EXAM 2025/2026 WITH 100%
ACCURATE ANSWERS
Those at highest risk of R.S.V. - (ANSWER)Premature infants and infants younger than 2 months are at
highest risk for apnea with RSV.
G.I. causes of apnea in infants - (ANSWER)G.E.R.D.
Swallowing abnormalities
Tracheoesophaeal fistula should be considered in any infant who has a chronic history of coughing or
difficulty with feeds.
infectious cause of apnea in infants less than one year old - (ANSWER)Exposure to botulinum toxin (in
soil or in honey) can lead to hypotonia, constipation, paralysis, and respiratory failure-usually in infants
under one year of age.
What does B.R.U.E. stand for? - (ANSWER)Brief Resolved Unexplained Event "BRUE"
Define B.R.U.E. - (ANSWER)A BRUE is defined as an event occurring in an infant younger than 1 year
when the observer reports a sudden, brief, and now-resolved episode that includes one or more of the
following:
cyanosis or pallor
absent, decreased, or irregular breathing marked change in tone (hyper- or hypotonia) altered level of
responsiveness.
Info about B.R.U.E. - (ANSWER)BRUE is used to define events only when no underlying etiology is found,
and the infant has returned to baseline state of health. Thus, BRUE is a diagnosis of exclusion. The
patient must have a reassuring history, physical examination, and vital signs at the time of evaluation.
What initial steps should be taken when an infant neurologically deteriorates - (ANSWER)When infants
deteriorate neurologically, they often stop breathing or seize. Initial steps should include calling a rapid
response team (A), ensuring that CPR equipment and trained personnel are readily available (B), and
obtaining IV access in case the baby deteriorates further and needs medications or IV fluid
