NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 2
EXAM 2 2024 NEWEST DETAILED 12O QUESTIONS
AND VERIFIED ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A +.
What is gastritis? Answer>Inflammation of the stomach lining. The lining will be red and
inflamed and irritated
What are the causes of gastritis? Answer>Ingestion of irritating substances such a
alcohol, aspirin, NSAIDS, viruses and bacteria
What is GERD? Answer>the back flow of gastric contents into the esophagus through the
lower esophageal sphincter. The inflammation occurs from the reflex of highly acidic
stomach acid that comes up.
What are the causes of GERD? Answer>Any condition or agent that alters closure of the
lower esophageal sphincter or increases in abdominal pressure, fatty food, caffeine, larg
amounts of alcohol, smoking, pregnancy and anatomical features like hiatal hernia
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,What are complications of GERD? Answer>Barrett's esophagus where columnar tissue
replaces normal squamous tissue in the distal esophagus that carries a high risk for
cancer. Progression can lead to ulcers and scarring. Esophageal strictures, pulmonary
symptoms such as cough, asthma and laryngitis from reflux in breathing passages.
What are the signs and symptoms of peptic ulcer disease? Answer>epigastric burning
pain that is usually relieved by food or antacids (gastric ulcers present on empty stomac
but can be after food, duodenal ulcers present 2-3 hours after food and is relieved by
food). Can also be life threatening as GI bleeding can occur without warning and cause a
drop in H/H and dark tarry stools and hematemesis.
What is the role of H.pylori in peptic ulcer disease? Answer>promotes both gastric and
duodenal ulcer formation and thrives in acidic areas. It slows down ulcer healing and ca
reoccur frequently, and taking it away can help ulcers heal.
What is pseudomembranous colitis?(C.diff) Answer>acute inflammation and necrosis of
large intestine. The intestinal lining cannot absorb well.
What is the cause of pseudomembranous colitis? Answer>clostridium difficile, exposure
to long term antibiotics that off set the e.coli and c.diff balance in intestine
What are the manifestations of pseudomembranous colitis? Answer>foul
smelling/bloody stool, abdominal pain, fever, leukocytosis, sepsis, colonic perforation.
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,How do we treat pseudomembranous colitis? Answer>stop current antibiotics, treat
ischemia and contributing conditions, give oral antibiotics like metronidazole or
vancomycin, fecal transplant or colectomy if severe
How do we prevent the spread of pseudomembranous colitis? Answer>wearing
appropriate PPE and washing hands with soap and water only
What are the signs and symptoms of appendicitis? Answer>Periumbilical pain, RLQ pain
presence of a positive McBurneys point with pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, diarrhea, RLQ
tenderness, systemic signs of infection
How do we assess for appendicitis? Answer>McBurney's point technique when pressing
on the belly button and RLQ hip region and removing the pressure causes intense pain,
indicates positive appendicitis
What are the causes of bowel obstructions? Answer>previous surgery of the intestines
with adhesions, congenital abnormalities of the bowel, metastatic cancer of the intestina
tract or female reproductive organs, accumulation of fluid, gas, water and electrolytes in
the bowel.
What is a functional bowel obstruction? Answer>a problem with the act of the bowel
actually moving, such as things that inhibit movement from surgery, medications, opioid
low fiber diets that can slow motility or shut off the GI system from the SNS stimulation.
What is a mechanical bowel obstruction? Answer>due to adhesions, hernia, tumors,
mailto:https://www.stuvia.com/user/stuviaguider?subject=https://www.stuvia.com/user/stuviaguider
EXAM 2 2024 NEWEST DETAILED 12O QUESTIONS
AND VERIFIED ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A +.
What is gastritis? Answer>Inflammation of the stomach lining. The lining will be red and
inflamed and irritated
What are the causes of gastritis? Answer>Ingestion of irritating substances such a
alcohol, aspirin, NSAIDS, viruses and bacteria
What is GERD? Answer>the back flow of gastric contents into the esophagus through the
lower esophageal sphincter. The inflammation occurs from the reflex of highly acidic
stomach acid that comes up.
What are the causes of GERD? Answer>Any condition or agent that alters closure of the
lower esophageal sphincter or increases in abdominal pressure, fatty food, caffeine, larg
amounts of alcohol, smoking, pregnancy and anatomical features like hiatal hernia
mailto:https://www.stuvia.com/user/stuviaguider?subject=https://www.stuvia.com/user/stuviaguider
,What are complications of GERD? Answer>Barrett's esophagus where columnar tissue
replaces normal squamous tissue in the distal esophagus that carries a high risk for
cancer. Progression can lead to ulcers and scarring. Esophageal strictures, pulmonary
symptoms such as cough, asthma and laryngitis from reflux in breathing passages.
What are the signs and symptoms of peptic ulcer disease? Answer>epigastric burning
pain that is usually relieved by food or antacids (gastric ulcers present on empty stomac
but can be after food, duodenal ulcers present 2-3 hours after food and is relieved by
food). Can also be life threatening as GI bleeding can occur without warning and cause a
drop in H/H and dark tarry stools and hematemesis.
What is the role of H.pylori in peptic ulcer disease? Answer>promotes both gastric and
duodenal ulcer formation and thrives in acidic areas. It slows down ulcer healing and ca
reoccur frequently, and taking it away can help ulcers heal.
What is pseudomembranous colitis?(C.diff) Answer>acute inflammation and necrosis of
large intestine. The intestinal lining cannot absorb well.
What is the cause of pseudomembranous colitis? Answer>clostridium difficile, exposure
to long term antibiotics that off set the e.coli and c.diff balance in intestine
What are the manifestations of pseudomembranous colitis? Answer>foul
smelling/bloody stool, abdominal pain, fever, leukocytosis, sepsis, colonic perforation.
mailto:https://www.stuvia.com/user/stuviaguider?subject=https://www.stuvia.com/user/stuviaguider
,How do we treat pseudomembranous colitis? Answer>stop current antibiotics, treat
ischemia and contributing conditions, give oral antibiotics like metronidazole or
vancomycin, fecal transplant or colectomy if severe
How do we prevent the spread of pseudomembranous colitis? Answer>wearing
appropriate PPE and washing hands with soap and water only
What are the signs and symptoms of appendicitis? Answer>Periumbilical pain, RLQ pain
presence of a positive McBurneys point with pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, diarrhea, RLQ
tenderness, systemic signs of infection
How do we assess for appendicitis? Answer>McBurney's point technique when pressing
on the belly button and RLQ hip region and removing the pressure causes intense pain,
indicates positive appendicitis
What are the causes of bowel obstructions? Answer>previous surgery of the intestines
with adhesions, congenital abnormalities of the bowel, metastatic cancer of the intestina
tract or female reproductive organs, accumulation of fluid, gas, water and electrolytes in
the bowel.
What is a functional bowel obstruction? Answer>a problem with the act of the bowel
actually moving, such as things that inhibit movement from surgery, medications, opioid
low fiber diets that can slow motility or shut off the GI system from the SNS stimulation.
What is a mechanical bowel obstruction? Answer>due to adhesions, hernia, tumors,
mailto:https://www.stuvia.com/user/stuviaguider?subject=https://www.stuvia.com/user/stuviaguider
