NURS 5315 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS 100% CORRECT
Acid base balance effects on potassium - correct answer- Alkalosis
shifts K+ into cells --> hypokalemia
Acidosis shifts K+ out of cells --> hyperkalemia
action potential - correct answer- Process of conducting an impulse.
Activates the neuron --> the neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes
Aging - correct answer- Body released more cytokines and
proinflammatory substances which results in chronic inflammation
Aneuploidy and its clinical manifestations - correct answer- Cells that
do not contain multiple of 23 chromosomes (can contain more or less,
like 45 or 47). Caused by nondisjunction (failure for the chromosomes to
divide properly).
Ex: Spontaneous abortion, still born, birth defects
Antidiuretic hormone - correct answer- VASOPRESSIN. Secreted by
pituitary gland in response to water deficit, sodium excess, or low BP.
Causes kidneys to reabsorb water thus increasing intervascular/plasma
fluid.
,Apoptosis - correct answer- Programmed cell death (normal).
Needed to prevent cellular proliferation that would result in a large
body.
Clinical implications: neurodegenerative disease, ischemic injury, death
of virus infected cells
AST and ALT are related to which organ? - correct answer- Liver
Atrophy - correct answer- Occurs as a result of decrease in work
load, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or
nervous stimulation. Once the cell has decreased in size, it has now
compensated for decreased blood supply, nerve supply, nutrient supply,
hormonal supply, and has achieved new homeostasis. Cells are alive but
have diminished function and may lead to cellular death.
Atrophy examples - correct answer- Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of
the thymus gland during childhood.
Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed
Autophagy - correct answer- Autodigestion of the cell. When cells
lack nutrition, autophagy is triggered. During times of metabolic stress,
autophagy provides ATP and other macromolecules for energy and cell
survival. When stress progresses, it leads to cell death
, Autosomal aneuploidy and its clinical manifestations - correct answer-
Autosomal chromosomes are all chromosomes which do not have any
relation to gender.
Ex: Trisomy 13, 18, 21 (can survive, others don't survive). Trisomy 21
causes down syndrome (low IQ, low nasal bridge, poor muscle tone,
short stature, lower life expectancy)
BRCA gene - correct answer- Increases risk for developing ovarian,
breast, and prostate cancer
Breast cancer site of metastasis? - correct answer- Bones, lung, liver,
brain
Cachexia - correct answer- Imbalance between amount of energy
intake vs. energy used. Wasting syndrome = catabolic process. Increase
in apoptosis and impaired ability to regenerate cells.
Cancer cells - correct answer- Cells continue to crowd and eventually
pile over. Immortal and divide for years. Divide rapidly and are parasites.
Must grow in a hypoxic or acidic environment.
Carcinoma in situ - correct answer- Pre-invasive epithelial malignant
tumors of glandular or squamous origin. Sites including cervix, skin, oral
cavity, esophagus, and bronchus
AND ANSWERS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS 100% CORRECT
Acid base balance effects on potassium - correct answer- Alkalosis
shifts K+ into cells --> hypokalemia
Acidosis shifts K+ out of cells --> hyperkalemia
action potential - correct answer- Process of conducting an impulse.
Activates the neuron --> the neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes
Aging - correct answer- Body released more cytokines and
proinflammatory substances which results in chronic inflammation
Aneuploidy and its clinical manifestations - correct answer- Cells that
do not contain multiple of 23 chromosomes (can contain more or less,
like 45 or 47). Caused by nondisjunction (failure for the chromosomes to
divide properly).
Ex: Spontaneous abortion, still born, birth defects
Antidiuretic hormone - correct answer- VASOPRESSIN. Secreted by
pituitary gland in response to water deficit, sodium excess, or low BP.
Causes kidneys to reabsorb water thus increasing intervascular/plasma
fluid.
,Apoptosis - correct answer- Programmed cell death (normal).
Needed to prevent cellular proliferation that would result in a large
body.
Clinical implications: neurodegenerative disease, ischemic injury, death
of virus infected cells
AST and ALT are related to which organ? - correct answer- Liver
Atrophy - correct answer- Occurs as a result of decrease in work
load, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or
nervous stimulation. Once the cell has decreased in size, it has now
compensated for decreased blood supply, nerve supply, nutrient supply,
hormonal supply, and has achieved new homeostasis. Cells are alive but
have diminished function and may lead to cellular death.
Atrophy examples - correct answer- Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of
the thymus gland during childhood.
Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed
Autophagy - correct answer- Autodigestion of the cell. When cells
lack nutrition, autophagy is triggered. During times of metabolic stress,
autophagy provides ATP and other macromolecules for energy and cell
survival. When stress progresses, it leads to cell death
, Autosomal aneuploidy and its clinical manifestations - correct answer-
Autosomal chromosomes are all chromosomes which do not have any
relation to gender.
Ex: Trisomy 13, 18, 21 (can survive, others don't survive). Trisomy 21
causes down syndrome (low IQ, low nasal bridge, poor muscle tone,
short stature, lower life expectancy)
BRCA gene - correct answer- Increases risk for developing ovarian,
breast, and prostate cancer
Breast cancer site of metastasis? - correct answer- Bones, lung, liver,
brain
Cachexia - correct answer- Imbalance between amount of energy
intake vs. energy used. Wasting syndrome = catabolic process. Increase
in apoptosis and impaired ability to regenerate cells.
Cancer cells - correct answer- Cells continue to crowd and eventually
pile over. Immortal and divide for years. Divide rapidly and are parasites.
Must grow in a hypoxic or acidic environment.
Carcinoma in situ - correct answer- Pre-invasive epithelial malignant
tumors of glandular or squamous origin. Sites including cervix, skin, oral
cavity, esophagus, and bronchus
