NR507 – Advanced Pathophysiology
Midterm Exam | Verified Questions and
Answers | Chamberlain 2025/2026 Update
Week 1: Cellular Injury, Adaptation, Death & Neoplasia Question 1 The irreversible marker
of cell death on electron microscopy is? Answer: Mitochondrial amorphous/flocculent
densities Rationale: Indicates severe membrane damage – point of no return.
Question 2 Earliest reversible morphologic sign of cell injury? Answer: Cellular swelling
(hydropic change) Rationale: ATP depletion → Na/K pump failure.
Question 3 Replacement of columnar epithelium by stratified squamous in chronic irritation is?
Answer: Metaplasia Rationale: Adaptive, reversible change.
Question 4 Cachexia in cancer is primarily mediated by which cytokine? Answer: TNF-α
Rationale: Formerly called cachectin.
Question 5 Two-hit hypothesis applies to which gene type? Answer: Tumor suppressor genes
Rationale: Both alleles must be inactivated (e.g., Rb, p53).
Week 1–2: Fluid, Electrolyte & Acid-Base Balance Question 6 Primary cause of hypokalemia
in DKA treatment? Answer: Insulin drives K⁺ into cells
Question 7 Winter’s formula for expected PaCO₂ in metabolic acidosis? Answer: PaCO₂ = (1.5
× HCO₃⁻) + 8 ± 2
Question 8 Most common cause of hypercalcemia in ambulatory patients? Answer: Primary
hyperparathyroidism
Question 9 Anion gap metabolic acidosis mnemonic? Answer: MUDPILES
Question 10 Primary acid-base disturbance in massive diarrhea? Answer: Normal anion gap
(hyperchloremic) metabolic acidosis
Week 2: Immunity & Inflammation Question 11 Only hypersensitivity reaction mediated
solely by T cells? Answer: Type IV (delayed)
Question 12 Antibody that crosses the placenta? Answer: IgG
Question 13 Cytokine that induces fever and acute-phase proteins? Answer: IL-1 & IL-6
Midterm Exam | Verified Questions and
Answers | Chamberlain 2025/2026 Update
Week 1: Cellular Injury, Adaptation, Death & Neoplasia Question 1 The irreversible marker
of cell death on electron microscopy is? Answer: Mitochondrial amorphous/flocculent
densities Rationale: Indicates severe membrane damage – point of no return.
Question 2 Earliest reversible morphologic sign of cell injury? Answer: Cellular swelling
(hydropic change) Rationale: ATP depletion → Na/K pump failure.
Question 3 Replacement of columnar epithelium by stratified squamous in chronic irritation is?
Answer: Metaplasia Rationale: Adaptive, reversible change.
Question 4 Cachexia in cancer is primarily mediated by which cytokine? Answer: TNF-α
Rationale: Formerly called cachectin.
Question 5 Two-hit hypothesis applies to which gene type? Answer: Tumor suppressor genes
Rationale: Both alleles must be inactivated (e.g., Rb, p53).
Week 1–2: Fluid, Electrolyte & Acid-Base Balance Question 6 Primary cause of hypokalemia
in DKA treatment? Answer: Insulin drives K⁺ into cells
Question 7 Winter’s formula for expected PaCO₂ in metabolic acidosis? Answer: PaCO₂ = (1.5
× HCO₃⁻) + 8 ± 2
Question 8 Most common cause of hypercalcemia in ambulatory patients? Answer: Primary
hyperparathyroidism
Question 9 Anion gap metabolic acidosis mnemonic? Answer: MUDPILES
Question 10 Primary acid-base disturbance in massive diarrhea? Answer: Normal anion gap
(hyperchloremic) metabolic acidosis
Week 2: Immunity & Inflammation Question 11 Only hypersensitivity reaction mediated
solely by T cells? Answer: Type IV (delayed)
Question 12 Antibody that crosses the placenta? Answer: IgG
Question 13 Cytokine that induces fever and acute-phase proteins? Answer: IL-1 & IL-6
