NR 566 – Advanced Pharmacology for Care
of the Family (Chamberlain University,
2025/2026) – Midterm Exam Review with
Verified Questions & Answers (Grade A)
PHARMACOKINETICS & PHARMACODYNAMICS (1–10)
1. Absorption is best defined as: Movement of drug from administration site into
bloodstream
Rationale: Oral drugs undergo first-pass metabolism in liver → ↓ bioavailability.
2. Bioavailability is highest with: Intravenous administration (100%)
Rationale: Bypasses absorption barriers and first-pass effect.
3. Volume of distribution (Vd) is large (>1 L/kg) for: Lipid-soluble drugs (e.g.,
diazepam)
Rationale: Distributes into fat, muscle, organs. Small Vd = plasma-bound (warfarin).
4. Half-life determines: Dosing interval and time to steady state
Rationale: 4–5 half-lives to reach steady state. Longer half-life = once-daily dosing.
5. Phase I metabolism involves: Cytochrome P450 enzymes (oxidation, reduction)
, Rationale: CYP3A4, 2D6, 2C9 most clinically relevant.
6. Phase II metabolism is: Conjugation (glucuronidation, sulfation)
Rationale: Makes drug water-soluble for renal excretion. Less affected by age/genetics.
7. Drugs with high protein binding (>95%) include:Warfarin, phenytoin, diazepam
Rationale: Displacement → ↑ free fraction → toxicity risk.
8. Renal excretion is impaired in: eGFR <30 mL/min
Rationale: Adjust doses of renally cleared drugs (e.g., metformin, digoxin).
9. Therapeutic index is narrow for: Digoxin, lithium, warfarin
Rationale: Requires serum level monitoring to avoid toxicity.
10. Agonists produce: Maximal response when receptor is occupied
Rationale: Antagonists block; partial agonists have lower efficacy.
ANTI-INFECTIVES: ANTIBACTERIALS (11–25)
11. Penicillin mechanism:Inhibits cell wall synthesis (binds PBP)
Rationale: Bactericidal. β-lactam ring critical.
12. Vancomycin is used for:MRSA, C. diff (oral), endocarditis
of the Family (Chamberlain University,
2025/2026) – Midterm Exam Review with
Verified Questions & Answers (Grade A)
PHARMACOKINETICS & PHARMACODYNAMICS (1–10)
1. Absorption is best defined as: Movement of drug from administration site into
bloodstream
Rationale: Oral drugs undergo first-pass metabolism in liver → ↓ bioavailability.
2. Bioavailability is highest with: Intravenous administration (100%)
Rationale: Bypasses absorption barriers and first-pass effect.
3. Volume of distribution (Vd) is large (>1 L/kg) for: Lipid-soluble drugs (e.g.,
diazepam)
Rationale: Distributes into fat, muscle, organs. Small Vd = plasma-bound (warfarin).
4. Half-life determines: Dosing interval and time to steady state
Rationale: 4–5 half-lives to reach steady state. Longer half-life = once-daily dosing.
5. Phase I metabolism involves: Cytochrome P450 enzymes (oxidation, reduction)
, Rationale: CYP3A4, 2D6, 2C9 most clinically relevant.
6. Phase II metabolism is: Conjugation (glucuronidation, sulfation)
Rationale: Makes drug water-soluble for renal excretion. Less affected by age/genetics.
7. Drugs with high protein binding (>95%) include:Warfarin, phenytoin, diazepam
Rationale: Displacement → ↑ free fraction → toxicity risk.
8. Renal excretion is impaired in: eGFR <30 mL/min
Rationale: Adjust doses of renally cleared drugs (e.g., metformin, digoxin).
9. Therapeutic index is narrow for: Digoxin, lithium, warfarin
Rationale: Requires serum level monitoring to avoid toxicity.
10. Agonists produce: Maximal response when receptor is occupied
Rationale: Antagonists block; partial agonists have lower efficacy.
ANTI-INFECTIVES: ANTIBACTERIALS (11–25)
11. Penicillin mechanism:Inhibits cell wall synthesis (binds PBP)
Rationale: Bactericidal. β-lactam ring critical.
12. Vancomycin is used for:MRSA, C. diff (oral), endocarditis
