BSNC 3000 Final Exam Questions With
All Correct Answers 2025|2026 Latest
Update!!
Does blood perfuse the coronary circulation during systole or diastole? CORRECT
ANSWERS Diastole
What happens to myocardial blood flow when heart rate increases? CORRECT
ANSWERS When heart rate increases, the cardiac cycle is shortened in duration; less
time is spent in diastole, which decreases the time available for coronary perfusion.
70% of oxygen in coronary blood is extracted by the myocardium at rest. This means
that there is little oxygen reserve when myocardial demand increases. What must
happen when oxygen demands of the heart increase to ensure adequate oxygen
supply? CORRECT ANSWERS If oxygen demands of the heart increase, coronary
blood flow must increase (e.g. v/d d/t NO)
which portion of the heart is first affected by MI? CORRECT ANSWERS the first inner
third (furthest away from the coronary artery and subject to higher pressures from the
inside of the heart)
subendocardial infarct CORRECT ANSWERS sudden reperfusion of coronary artery
following an MI, where only the inner third of the ventricle wall is irreversibly damaged
(infarct)
N-STEMI
can also be caused by conditions that dec perfusion:
- severe atherosclerosis
- hypotension
sources of heat gain CORRECT ANSWERS external sources
- cell metabolism
- muscle activity
- ingestion of food
sources of heat loss CORRECT ANSWERS - evaporation of sweat
- through the skin
- breathing
What regulates body temperature? CORRECT ANSWERS hypothalamus - determines
set point
,why are older adults at risk for hypothermia? CORRECT ANSWERS less heat gain:
- smaller meals
- mobilize less (less muscle activity)
- less cellular metabolism
more heat loss:
- less fat -> more heat loss
why does stress inc body temp? CORRECT ANSWERS PSR -> inc metabolism
inc muscle tension
vasoconstricton -> less heat loss
fever definition CORRECT ANSWERS increase in core body temperature d/t resetting
of thermodynamic set point in response to pyrogens
is PSR the cause of fever? CORRECT ANSWERS alone, no.
if underlying cause of PSR causes the release of pyrogens (infection), then yes
general causes of fever (2) CORRECT ANSWERS infection
inflammation
causes of hyperthermia CORRECT ANSWERS malignant hyperthermia
PSR
malignant hyperthermia CORRECT ANSWERS A hereditary condition of uncontrolled
heat production that occurs when susceptible people receive certain anesthetic drugs.
causes of hypothermia CORRECT ANSWERS heat loss during sx (open body cavity,
anesthesia, cold OR)
therapeutic hypothermia (dec metabolic demand)
exogenous pyrogens CORRECT ANSWERS e.g. from bacteria cells walls; act indirectly
by stimulating the release of endogenous pyrogens (cytokines)
endogenous pyrogens CORRECT ANSWERS cytokines released by macrophages and
leukocytes
IL-1, TNF-alpha
physiology of fever CORRECT ANSWERS 1. endogenous pyrogens enter circulation ->
brain
2. synthesis of PGE2 by endothelial cells close to the hypothalamus
, 3. PGE2 acts on hypothalamus -> resets thermoregulatory set point (higher)
stages of fever CORRECT ANSWERS - chill phase (baselines temp below new set
point)
- fever
- defervescence phase (pyrogens cease to act; mechanisms to dec temp to normal)
what autonomic responses help to increase temp to new set point? CORRECT
ANSWERS epinephrine released
v/c - diverts blood to the core so less heat is lost
skeletal muscle contraction (shivering)
behavioural responses in order to increase body temp CORRECT ANSWERS external
heat sources: fire, sweaters etc (inc heat gain and decreases heat loss)
how does thyroid hormone play a role in thermoregulation? CORRECT ANSWERS
increases heat gain during prolonged periods of cold (e.g. winter)
not acutely responsible during chill-phase of a fever
which hormone is responsible for increasing body temp during fever? CORRECT
ANSWERS epinephrine (increases cellular metabolism)
when do fevers end? CORRECT ANSWERS when pyrogens cease to act
what is the most effective way to decrease temp back to normal after a fever?
CORRECT ANSWERS sweating
(others: v/d, resting, removing clothes, inc breathing)
examples of fever, not r/t infection CORRECT ANSWERS inflammation d/t sx
DVT/PE
acute MI
drug fever
transfusion reaction
bowel infarction
cancer
examples of fever r/t infection CORRECT ANSWERS SSI
UTI
pneumonia
sepsis
abscess
IV/CVC/PICC infection
C. diff
peritonitis
All Correct Answers 2025|2026 Latest
Update!!
Does blood perfuse the coronary circulation during systole or diastole? CORRECT
ANSWERS Diastole
What happens to myocardial blood flow when heart rate increases? CORRECT
ANSWERS When heart rate increases, the cardiac cycle is shortened in duration; less
time is spent in diastole, which decreases the time available for coronary perfusion.
70% of oxygen in coronary blood is extracted by the myocardium at rest. This means
that there is little oxygen reserve when myocardial demand increases. What must
happen when oxygen demands of the heart increase to ensure adequate oxygen
supply? CORRECT ANSWERS If oxygen demands of the heart increase, coronary
blood flow must increase (e.g. v/d d/t NO)
which portion of the heart is first affected by MI? CORRECT ANSWERS the first inner
third (furthest away from the coronary artery and subject to higher pressures from the
inside of the heart)
subendocardial infarct CORRECT ANSWERS sudden reperfusion of coronary artery
following an MI, where only the inner third of the ventricle wall is irreversibly damaged
(infarct)
N-STEMI
can also be caused by conditions that dec perfusion:
- severe atherosclerosis
- hypotension
sources of heat gain CORRECT ANSWERS external sources
- cell metabolism
- muscle activity
- ingestion of food
sources of heat loss CORRECT ANSWERS - evaporation of sweat
- through the skin
- breathing
What regulates body temperature? CORRECT ANSWERS hypothalamus - determines
set point
,why are older adults at risk for hypothermia? CORRECT ANSWERS less heat gain:
- smaller meals
- mobilize less (less muscle activity)
- less cellular metabolism
more heat loss:
- less fat -> more heat loss
why does stress inc body temp? CORRECT ANSWERS PSR -> inc metabolism
inc muscle tension
vasoconstricton -> less heat loss
fever definition CORRECT ANSWERS increase in core body temperature d/t resetting
of thermodynamic set point in response to pyrogens
is PSR the cause of fever? CORRECT ANSWERS alone, no.
if underlying cause of PSR causes the release of pyrogens (infection), then yes
general causes of fever (2) CORRECT ANSWERS infection
inflammation
causes of hyperthermia CORRECT ANSWERS malignant hyperthermia
PSR
malignant hyperthermia CORRECT ANSWERS A hereditary condition of uncontrolled
heat production that occurs when susceptible people receive certain anesthetic drugs.
causes of hypothermia CORRECT ANSWERS heat loss during sx (open body cavity,
anesthesia, cold OR)
therapeutic hypothermia (dec metabolic demand)
exogenous pyrogens CORRECT ANSWERS e.g. from bacteria cells walls; act indirectly
by stimulating the release of endogenous pyrogens (cytokines)
endogenous pyrogens CORRECT ANSWERS cytokines released by macrophages and
leukocytes
IL-1, TNF-alpha
physiology of fever CORRECT ANSWERS 1. endogenous pyrogens enter circulation ->
brain
2. synthesis of PGE2 by endothelial cells close to the hypothalamus
, 3. PGE2 acts on hypothalamus -> resets thermoregulatory set point (higher)
stages of fever CORRECT ANSWERS - chill phase (baselines temp below new set
point)
- fever
- defervescence phase (pyrogens cease to act; mechanisms to dec temp to normal)
what autonomic responses help to increase temp to new set point? CORRECT
ANSWERS epinephrine released
v/c - diverts blood to the core so less heat is lost
skeletal muscle contraction (shivering)
behavioural responses in order to increase body temp CORRECT ANSWERS external
heat sources: fire, sweaters etc (inc heat gain and decreases heat loss)
how does thyroid hormone play a role in thermoregulation? CORRECT ANSWERS
increases heat gain during prolonged periods of cold (e.g. winter)
not acutely responsible during chill-phase of a fever
which hormone is responsible for increasing body temp during fever? CORRECT
ANSWERS epinephrine (increases cellular metabolism)
when do fevers end? CORRECT ANSWERS when pyrogens cease to act
what is the most effective way to decrease temp back to normal after a fever?
CORRECT ANSWERS sweating
(others: v/d, resting, removing clothes, inc breathing)
examples of fever, not r/t infection CORRECT ANSWERS inflammation d/t sx
DVT/PE
acute MI
drug fever
transfusion reaction
bowel infarction
cancer
examples of fever r/t infection CORRECT ANSWERS SSI
UTI
pneumonia
sepsis
abscess
IV/CVC/PICC infection
C. diff
peritonitis
