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STUDY AID FOR PATHO EXAM 4 NSG 6671
LATEST EXAM WITH ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS ALREADY
GRADED A+ 100% GUARANTEED PASS!
Alternation of generations - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ both
multicellular haploid (gametophyte) and diploid
(sporophyte) stages (plants, algae).
Asexual reproduction - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ offspring
produced by mitosis; genetically identical to parent.
Conjugation - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ bacterial process of
DNA transfer via direct contact.
Crossing over - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ exchange of DNA
between homologous chromosomes during prophase I.
Diplontic life cycle - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ multicellular
diploid stage dominant (animals).
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Gametophyte - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ haploid
multicellular stage producing gametes.
Haplontic life cycle - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ multicellular
haploid stage dominant; diploid stage limited to zygote
(fungi, some algae).
Homologous chromosomes - .....ANSWER ...✔✔
chromosome pairs with genes for the same traits, one
from each parent.
Horizontal gene transfer - .....ANSWER ...✔✔
prokaryotic mechanism of genetic exchange (e.g.,
conjugation).
Human life cycle - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ diplontic, with
meiosis producing haploid gametes and fertilization
restoring diploidy.
Meiosis - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ two divisions producing
haploid gametes; includes homologous chromosome
pairing and separation.
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Meiosis I - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ homologous
chromosomes pair and separate; chromosome number
reduced by half.
Meiosis II - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ sister chromatids
separate; results in four haploid cells.
Random assortment - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ random
alignment of homologues at metaphase I, creating
diverse gametes.
Recombination - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ reshuffling of
genes via crossing over or assortment.
Sex - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ exchange of heritable
variation among individuals; recombination of genes.
Sexual reproduction - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ offspring
produced by gamete fusion; genetically different from
parents and each other.
Sister chromatids - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ identical copies
of a chromosome joined at a centromere.
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Sporophyte - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ diploid multicellular
stage producing spores.
Analogy - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ similarity due to
convergent evolution, not shared ancestry.
Ancestral homology - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ similarity
inherited from a distant ancestor; often widespread, less
useful for resolving close relationships.
Character matrix - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ table showing
presence/absence (0/1) of characters across taxa.
Convergent evolution - .....ANSWER ...✔✔
independent evolution of similar traits in unrelated
groups.
Derived homology - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ evolutionary
innovation shared by a subset of taxa; used to define
clades.
STUDY AID FOR PATHO EXAM 4 NSG 6671
LATEST EXAM WITH ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS ALREADY
GRADED A+ 100% GUARANTEED PASS!
Alternation of generations - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ both
multicellular haploid (gametophyte) and diploid
(sporophyte) stages (plants, algae).
Asexual reproduction - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ offspring
produced by mitosis; genetically identical to parent.
Conjugation - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ bacterial process of
DNA transfer via direct contact.
Crossing over - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ exchange of DNA
between homologous chromosomes during prophase I.
Diplontic life cycle - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ multicellular
diploid stage dominant (animals).
,2|Page
Gametophyte - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ haploid
multicellular stage producing gametes.
Haplontic life cycle - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ multicellular
haploid stage dominant; diploid stage limited to zygote
(fungi, some algae).
Homologous chromosomes - .....ANSWER ...✔✔
chromosome pairs with genes for the same traits, one
from each parent.
Horizontal gene transfer - .....ANSWER ...✔✔
prokaryotic mechanism of genetic exchange (e.g.,
conjugation).
Human life cycle - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ diplontic, with
meiosis producing haploid gametes and fertilization
restoring diploidy.
Meiosis - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ two divisions producing
haploid gametes; includes homologous chromosome
pairing and separation.
,3|Page
Meiosis I - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ homologous
chromosomes pair and separate; chromosome number
reduced by half.
Meiosis II - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ sister chromatids
separate; results in four haploid cells.
Random assortment - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ random
alignment of homologues at metaphase I, creating
diverse gametes.
Recombination - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ reshuffling of
genes via crossing over or assortment.
Sex - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ exchange of heritable
variation among individuals; recombination of genes.
Sexual reproduction - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ offspring
produced by gamete fusion; genetically different from
parents and each other.
Sister chromatids - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ identical copies
of a chromosome joined at a centromere.
, 4|Page
Sporophyte - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ diploid multicellular
stage producing spores.
Analogy - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ similarity due to
convergent evolution, not shared ancestry.
Ancestral homology - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ similarity
inherited from a distant ancestor; often widespread, less
useful for resolving close relationships.
Character matrix - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ table showing
presence/absence (0/1) of characters across taxa.
Convergent evolution - .....ANSWER ...✔✔
independent evolution of similar traits in unrelated
groups.
Derived homology - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ evolutionary
innovation shared by a subset of taxa; used to define
clades.
