BIO 254 Anatomy and Physiology II
HONDROS BIO 254 LATEST FINAL EXAM 2025 GRADED
A+ 100% VERIFIED FALL-SPRING SEMESTER
Muscle fibers in a skeletal muscle are organized into ___________ __________, with each one
controlled by one motor neuron.
motor unit
Adding strength to a muscle contraction by adding more motor unit is called _______________.
recruitment
What combines with food molecules and splits them into smaller molecules?
Water
What speeds up hydrolysis of food molecules?
Enzymes
Layers of the wall of the alimentary canal from inside out.
1) mucosa
2) solomucosa
3) muscularis
4) serosa
Separates oral and nasal cavities.
palate
teeth used to bite off pieces of food
incisors
,BIO 254 Anatomy and Physiology II
Teeth used to grasp and tear food.
Canines (cuspids)
Teeth used to crush and grind food.
Molars
Three pairs of salivary glands
parotid, sublingual, submandibular
Enzyme in saliva and in pancreas that breaks the chemical bonds in starches
Amylase
end product of digestion in mouth
Maltose
Saliva secretions are regulated by (neural or hormonal) means
neural
tube carrying food to the stomach
esophagus
relaxes to let food enter the stomach
lower esphageal sphincter
,BIO 254 Anatomy and Physiology II
Most hormones are what kind of molecule?
Protein or Peptide
There are a few hormones made out of what type of molecule?
fat soluble
Non-steroid hormones must activate a ________ to work within the cell as they are not able to
cross the cell membrane.
Second messenger
Steroid hormones cause changes to _______ because their target is within the nucleus.
DNA expression
The secretion of most hormones is regulated by what kind of system, causing increasing levels
of hormones to "turn off" its stimulus?
negative feedback
The master endocrine gland because it regulates so many other endocrine glands?
Anterior Pituitary
Anterior Pituitary is controlled by releasing hormones secreted by the what?
Hypothalamus
Hormone necessary if glucose is to be taken up by
cells.
Insulin
, BIO 254 Anatomy and Physiology II
Hormone that regulates blood calcium level,
released when levels drop.
PTH (parathyroid hormone)
Mineralocorticoid that regulates sodium
reabsorption by the kidney.
Aldosterone
Necessary for milk production after child birth.
Prolactin
Hormone(s) that regulates Basal metabolic rate.
Thyroid Hormone (T3, T4)
Stimulates body cell division and increases length
of bones
growth hormone
Two hormones released by the adrenal medulla.
epinephrine and norepinephrine
Element essential for proper production of thyroid
hormones (T3/T4)
Iodine
HONDROS BIO 254 LATEST FINAL EXAM 2025 GRADED
A+ 100% VERIFIED FALL-SPRING SEMESTER
Muscle fibers in a skeletal muscle are organized into ___________ __________, with each one
controlled by one motor neuron.
motor unit
Adding strength to a muscle contraction by adding more motor unit is called _______________.
recruitment
What combines with food molecules and splits them into smaller molecules?
Water
What speeds up hydrolysis of food molecules?
Enzymes
Layers of the wall of the alimentary canal from inside out.
1) mucosa
2) solomucosa
3) muscularis
4) serosa
Separates oral and nasal cavities.
palate
teeth used to bite off pieces of food
incisors
,BIO 254 Anatomy and Physiology II
Teeth used to grasp and tear food.
Canines (cuspids)
Teeth used to crush and grind food.
Molars
Three pairs of salivary glands
parotid, sublingual, submandibular
Enzyme in saliva and in pancreas that breaks the chemical bonds in starches
Amylase
end product of digestion in mouth
Maltose
Saliva secretions are regulated by (neural or hormonal) means
neural
tube carrying food to the stomach
esophagus
relaxes to let food enter the stomach
lower esphageal sphincter
,BIO 254 Anatomy and Physiology II
Most hormones are what kind of molecule?
Protein or Peptide
There are a few hormones made out of what type of molecule?
fat soluble
Non-steroid hormones must activate a ________ to work within the cell as they are not able to
cross the cell membrane.
Second messenger
Steroid hormones cause changes to _______ because their target is within the nucleus.
DNA expression
The secretion of most hormones is regulated by what kind of system, causing increasing levels
of hormones to "turn off" its stimulus?
negative feedback
The master endocrine gland because it regulates so many other endocrine glands?
Anterior Pituitary
Anterior Pituitary is controlled by releasing hormones secreted by the what?
Hypothalamus
Hormone necessary if glucose is to be taken up by
cells.
Insulin
, BIO 254 Anatomy and Physiology II
Hormone that regulates blood calcium level,
released when levels drop.
PTH (parathyroid hormone)
Mineralocorticoid that regulates sodium
reabsorption by the kidney.
Aldosterone
Necessary for milk production after child birth.
Prolactin
Hormone(s) that regulates Basal metabolic rate.
Thyroid Hormone (T3, T4)
Stimulates body cell division and increases length
of bones
growth hormone
Two hormones released by the adrenal medulla.
epinephrine and norepinephrine
Element essential for proper production of thyroid
hormones (T3/T4)
Iodine
