NR565 PHARMACOLOGY FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A.pdf

NR565 PHARMACOLOGY FINAL EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS GRADED A+ FOR 2025-
2026 ASSURED EXCEL!!
Signsrandrsymptomsrofrhypothyroidismr-rrCORRECTrANSWERSFacerisrpale,rpuffy,randrexpressionless.

Skinrisrcoldrandrdry.r

hairrisrbrittle,randrhairrlossroccurs.r

Heartrraterandrtemperaturerarerlowered.rTherpatientrlethargy,rfatigue,randrintolerancertorcold.r

Mentationrmayrberimpaired.



Signsrandrsymptomsrofrhyperthyroidismr-
rrCORRECTrANSWERSHeartrRaterisrRapid;rPossiblerarrhythmia/angina



Nervousness,rinsomnia,rrapidrthoughtrflow,randrrapidrspeech

Skeletalrmusclesrmayrweakenrandratrophy

Metabolicrraterisrraised,rresultingrinrincreasedrheatrproduction,rincreasedrbodyrtemperature,rintolerancert
orheat,randrskinrthatrisrwarmrandrmoist

Weightrlossroccursrifrcaloricrintakerfailsrtormatchrtherincreaserinrmetabolicrrate



Severerhypothyroidismr-rrCORRECTrANSWERSMyxedema



HypothyroidrTreatmentr-
rrCORRECTrANSWERSLevothyroxinerisrtherdrugrofrchoicerforrmostrpatientsrwhorrequirerthyroidrhormonerre

placement.



Levothyroxiner(Synthroid)rTherapeuticrGoalr-
rrCORRECTrANSWERSResolutionrofrsignsrandrsymptomsrofrhypothyroidismrandrrestorationrofrnormalrlabor

atoryrvaluesrforrserumrthyroid-stimulatingrhormoner(TSH)randrfreerthyroxiner(T4).

,Majorrformsrofrhyperthyroidismr-
rrCORRECTrANSWERSGravesrdiseaserandrtoxicrnodularrgoiterr(alsorknownrasrPlummerrdisease).




GravesrDiseaser-rrCORRECTrANSWERSMostrcommonrcauserofrexcessiverthyroidrhormonersecretion



Whatradjunctivertherapyrisrgoodrtorprescribertorcontrolrsymptomsrofrhyperthyroidismrotherrthanrthyroidrs
pecificrmedications?r-rrCORRECTrANSWERSβ-
Blockersrandrnonradioactiveriodinermayrberusedrasradjunctivertherapy.r

β-Blockersrsuppressrtachycardiarbyrblockingrβ-receptorsronrtherheart.r

Nonradioactiveriodinerinhibitsrsynthesisrandrreleaserofrthyroidrhormones.



MonitoringrneedsrandrintervalsrforrLevothyroxiner-rrCORRECTrANSWERSCheckrTSHr6-
8rweeksrafterrinitiatingrtherapyrandrafterranyrdosagerchange.r

CheckrTSHratrleastronceraryearrafterrserumrTSHrisrstabilized.



HyperthyroidrTreatmentr-rrCORRECTrANSWERSthionamiderdrugs—
methimazolerandrpropylthiouracilr(PTU)—suppressrsynthesisrofrthyroidrhormones.



MethimazolerTherapeuticrGoalr-
rrCORRECTrANSWERS(1)rreductionrofrthyroidrhormonerproductionrinrGraves'rdisease,r(2)rcontrolrofrhyperth

yroidismruntilrthereffectsrofrradiationronrtherthyroidrbecomermanifest,r(3)rsuppressionrofrthyroidrhormoner
productionrbeforersubtotalrthyroidectomy,r(4)rtreatmentrofrthyrotoxicrcrisis.



MonitoringrneedsrandrintervalsrforrMethimazoler-
rrCORRECTrANSWERSCheckrCBCrwithrdifferentialrifrsignsrorrsymptomsrofrinfection.rCheckrLFTsrifrsignsrorrsy

mptomsrofrliverrdysfunction.



HighrRiskrPatientsrforrMethimazoler-
rrCORRECTrANSWERSShouldrberavoidedrinrtherfirstrtrimesterrofrpregnancy.




MethimazolerToxicityr-rrCORRECTrANSWERSAgranulocytosisrisrthermostrdangerousrtoxicity.

,PTUrHighrRiskrWarningr-
rrCORRECTrANSWERSCarriesrarriskrforrliverrtoxicity.rAlthoughrrare,rtherFDArrecommendsragainstrusingrasrarfi

rst-linertreatmentrduertorpotentialrforrhepaticrtoxicity.



Effectsrofrmaternalrhypothyroidismronroffspringrandrappropriaterpatientrteachingrrelatedrtorneedrforrtreat
ment.r-
rrCORRECTrANSWERSCanrcauserdelayrinrmentalrdevelopmentrandrderangementrofrgrowth.rInrtherabsencero

frthyroidrhormones,rtherchildrdevelopsrarlargerandrprotrudingrtongue,rpotbelly,randrdwarfishrstature.rDeve
lopmentrofrthernervousrsystem,rbones,rteeth,randrmusclesrisrimpaired.



CongenitalrHypothyroidismrTreatmentr-
rrCORRECTrANSWERSrequiresrreplacementrtherapyrwithrthyroidrhormones.rIfrtreatmentrisrinitiatedrwithinr

arfewrdaysrofrbirth,rphysicalrandrmentalrdevelopmentrwillrbernormal.



replacementrtherapyrshouldrcontinuerforr3ryears,rafterrwhichritrshouldrberstoppedrforr4rweeksrtordetermin
erwhetherrthyroidrdeficiencyrisrpermanentrorrtransient.



PatientrTeachingrforrMethimazoler-
rrCORRECTrANSWERSTellryourrhealthcarerprovidersrthatryourarertakingrthisrdrug.r



Checkrbloodrworkrasrdirected.

Takingrthisrdrugrmayrcauserharmrtortherunbornrbabyrifryourarerpregnant,respeciallyrinrtherfirstrtrimester.

Ifryourarerpregnantrorrbecomerpregnantrwhilertakingrthisrdrug,rcallryourrhealthcarerproviderrrightraway.

Tellryourrhealthcarerproviderrifryourarerbreast-feedingrtordiscussrrisksrtortherbaby.

Haveryourrbaby'srthyroidrcheckedrifryourarerusingrthisrdrugrandrbreast-feeding.

Agranulocytosisrisrthermostrdangerousrtoxicityrriskrforrthisrmedicationrbutrisrveryrrare.rSorerthroatrandrfeve
rrshouldrberreportedrimmediately.r



PatientrTeachingrforrLevothyroxiner-
rrCORRECTrANSWERSworksrbestrifryourtakeritronranremptyrstomach,r30rtor60rminutesrbeforerbreakfast.



takerthermedicineratrthersamertimereachrday.



IdealrHbA1Crgoalrforrdiabetic,rnon-pregnantradultsr-rrCORRECTrANSWERSlessrthanr7%.

, HbA1Cr8%r-
rrCORRECTrANSWERShistoryrofrsevererhypoglycemia,rlimitedrliferexpectancy,rorradvancedrmicrovascularrorr

macrovascularrcomplications



HBA1CrValuerconsideredrdiagnosticrofrdiabetes.r-rrCORRECTrANSWERSarvaluerofr6.5%rorrgreater



HbA1CrMeasuringrIntervalr-
rrCORRECTrANSWERSeveryr3rmonthsruntilrvaluerisr<7%;reveryr6rmonthsrthereafter




HbA1CrGoalrforrOlderrAdultsr-
rrCORRECTrANSWERS<7.5%r[58rmmol/mol]),rwhilerthoserwithrmultiplercoexistingrchronicrillnesses,rcognitiv

erimpairment,rorrfunctionalrdependencershouldrhaverlessrstringentrglycemicrgoalsr(suchrasrA1Cr<8.0-
8.5%r[64-69rmmol/mol]).



CriteriarforrtherDiagnosisrofrDiabetesrMellitusr-rrCORRECTrANSWERS-Fastingrplasmarglucoser≥126rmg/dL

-Randomrplasmarglucoser≥r200rmg/dLrplusrsymptomsrofrdiabetes

-Oralrglucosertolerancertestr(OGTT):r2-hrplasmarglucoser≥200rmg/dLcor

-HemoglobinrA1cr6.5%rorrhigher



T1DMrEtiologyrandrMOAr-rrCORRECTrANSWERSAutoimmunerprocess;rLossrofrpancreaticrβrcells;



T2DMrEtiologyrandrMOAr-rrCORRECTrANSWERSUnknown—
butrthererisrarstrongrfamilialrassociation,rsuggestingrthatrheredityrisrarriskrfactor;rInsulinrresistancerandrinap
propriaterinsulinrsecretion



thertotalrdailyrdoser(TDD)rofrinsulinrcalculationr-
rrCORRECTrANSWERStotalrweightrofrtherpatientrinrkilogramsr(kg),rmultipliedrbyr0.6runits




Basalrinsulinrreplacementr-
rrCORRECTrANSWERS50%rofrthertotalrdailyrinsulinrdoserwhichrreplacesrinsulinrfromrfastingr(overnight)randr

betweenrmeals.