WELL DETAILED ANSWERS|LATEST
Immunity - ANSWER Defense against injurious agents like viruses, bacteria, fungi,
parasites that are in the environment or foreign substances that can be inhaled, ingested, or
absorbed.
Innate - ANSWER "non-self"- targeted by immune system antigens
Innate immune mechanism - first and immediate defense.
Composed of:
- natural anatomic barriers (skin, mucuous membranes, eyelashes, nose hair)
- normal flora (bacteria that live on the skin and within GI tract),
- WBCs (macrophages that phagocytose foregin debris and antigens),
protective enzymes and chemicals (interferon, cytokines, hydrochloric acid)
Adaptive - ANSWER comes after the innate system. It is more specific because it
develops after the exposure to antigen
- rapid, specific, destructive
Memory for every individual antigen it has encountered
immunodeficiency - ANSWER Weakened immune system- type of immune dysfunction
- Immune system is weakened and cannot destroy foreign invaders
Antigens can overwhelm the body
Autoimmunity - ANSWER Attack "self" cells - type of immune dysfunction
- Immune system can't distinguish between self and nonself- attacks both
1
, Hypersensitive - ANSWER Overreactive immune system (to foreign invaders)
Skins hives to transplant rejection
anatomical barriers - ANSWER · Nasal epithelium - mucos producing cells and hairs -
trap inhaled susbtances before they enter respiratory tract
· Cough reflex - expels microbe
· Saliva has enzymes and antibacterial substances to weaken pathogens
· Gastric mucus traps pathogens and destroys with hydrochloric acid
· Intestine and bowel - normal flora which are natural baceterial colonies
· Tears - flush the eyes
· Urine - eliminates antigens from GU tract
Sweat - antibacterial barrier on the skin
Macrophages - ANSWER phagocytic cells that engulf and ingest microorganisms; arise
from WBCs called monocytes
How do macrophages work? - ANSWER - Monocytes leave the circulation and migrate
to tissues (commonly in lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, skin, lungs, liver, bone, CNS,
synovial membranes, peritoneal and pleural spaces)
- Mediate innate immune functions like destroying bacteria and tumor cells - Recruited to
site of infection and stimulate inflammatory reaction
- They do this by ingesting the bacteria or virus and then undergo apoptosis (basically eat
the antigen and then blow themselves up)
- Apopotic macrophages are phagocytosed by dendritic antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
Macrophages specific to organs - ANSWER - Lungs: alveolar macrophages
- Liver: Kupffer's cells
- Brain: Microglial cells
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Immunity - ANSWER Defense against injurious agents like viruses, bacteria, fungi,
parasites that are in the environment or foreign substances that can be inhaled, ingested, or
absorbed.
Innate - ANSWER "non-self"- targeted by immune system antigens
Innate immune mechanism - first and immediate defense.
Composed of:
- natural anatomic barriers (skin, mucuous membranes, eyelashes, nose hair)
- normal flora (bacteria that live on the skin and within GI tract),
- WBCs (macrophages that phagocytose foregin debris and antigens),
protective enzymes and chemicals (interferon, cytokines, hydrochloric acid)
Adaptive - ANSWER comes after the innate system. It is more specific because it
develops after the exposure to antigen
- rapid, specific, destructive
Memory for every individual antigen it has encountered
immunodeficiency - ANSWER Weakened immune system- type of immune dysfunction
- Immune system is weakened and cannot destroy foreign invaders
Antigens can overwhelm the body
Autoimmunity - ANSWER Attack "self" cells - type of immune dysfunction
- Immune system can't distinguish between self and nonself- attacks both
1
, Hypersensitive - ANSWER Overreactive immune system (to foreign invaders)
Skins hives to transplant rejection
anatomical barriers - ANSWER · Nasal epithelium - mucos producing cells and hairs -
trap inhaled susbtances before they enter respiratory tract
· Cough reflex - expels microbe
· Saliva has enzymes and antibacterial substances to weaken pathogens
· Gastric mucus traps pathogens and destroys with hydrochloric acid
· Intestine and bowel - normal flora which are natural baceterial colonies
· Tears - flush the eyes
· Urine - eliminates antigens from GU tract
Sweat - antibacterial barrier on the skin
Macrophages - ANSWER phagocytic cells that engulf and ingest microorganisms; arise
from WBCs called monocytes
How do macrophages work? - ANSWER - Monocytes leave the circulation and migrate
to tissues (commonly in lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, skin, lungs, liver, bone, CNS,
synovial membranes, peritoneal and pleural spaces)
- Mediate innate immune functions like destroying bacteria and tumor cells - Recruited to
site of infection and stimulate inflammatory reaction
- They do this by ingesting the bacteria or virus and then undergo apoptosis (basically eat
the antigen and then blow themselves up)
- Apopotic macrophages are phagocytosed by dendritic antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
Macrophages specific to organs - ANSWER - Lungs: alveolar macrophages
- Liver: Kupffer's cells
- Brain: Microglial cells
2
