NURS 682: Pharmacology Midterm Review
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_dfo7iy
1. Pharmacokinet- what the body does to the drug (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion)
ics
2. Pharmacodynam- what the drug does to the body; mechanism of action
ics
Pharmacodynamic study= determining the effect of a specific medication dose in
treating a disease
3. Bioavailability -Percent of dose enter systemic circulation after PO administration
*Fraction of the administered drug that reaches systemic circulation*
4. Lower bioavail- LESS drug there is in circulation and in the tissue, higher first pass effect
ability
ex. Simvastatin
5. Higher bioavail- the more of the drug that reaches systemic circulation, Lower first pass effect
ability
ex. Atorvastatin
6. Tmax Time to maximum drug level observed
7. Cmax maximum or peak concentration of drug observed after administration
8. Volume of distri- Vd = (amount of drug in the body) / (plasma drug concentration)
bution
-distribution of a medication between plasma and the rest of the body; the volume
in which the amount of drug would need to be uniformly distributed to produce
the observed blood concentration
ex. Vancomycin in serum testing for trough levels
9. Volume of distri- -Healthy adults 20-30 vs. 60-80
bution: age relat- -Older adults get more dehydrated
ed changes -Medications that are lipophilic will stay longer in the older adult and older adults
, NURS 682: Pharmacology Midterm Review
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-Liver shrinks with age and albumin is synthesized in the liver. There is freer drug
available in highly protein bound drugs—->Decrease in serum albumin
-Most drugs are biotransformed in the liver, with older adults there is slower
transformation and longer half lives
10. Factors that influ- Aging
ence volume of -less free water, more body fat
distribution -lower average serum albumin
Hydration Status
Compartment and volume
11. First Pass Ef- Biostranformation and/or excretion of oral drug by hepatic mechanisms
fect (pre-sys- -occurs prior to entering GI tract
temic elimina-
tion) Drugs absorbed from the GI tract
Extensive hepatic metabolism.extraciton
Ex. IV vs oral dosages
12. Agonists Works primarily by stimulating the activity of a receptor site
binds to a receptor, causes an effect similar to endogenous compound
13. Antagonist Clinical action= occupying a receptor site and inhibiting its endogenous activity
14. Narrow thera- small differences in drug dose or blood concentration can be fatal
peutic Index
Any pharmaceutical which has <2-fold difference between the minimum toxic
concentration and minimum effective concentration in blood
15.
, NURS 682: Pharmacology Midterm Review
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_dfo7iy
Wide therapeutic Greater distance between effective dose and toxic dose
index
Ex. Fluoxetine does NOT need drug monitoring
16. Pharmacogenet- Drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
ics: PK genetic
influences Influence dose requirements and/or adverse effects
17. Pharmacogenet- Drug targets: Receptors, transporters, intracellular signaling pathways, enzymes
ics: PD genetic and metabolic pathways
influences
Influence drug efficacy
18. Drugs with QT Ventricular repolarization prolongation
prolongation
Ectopic beats with long pause follow by baseline rhythm beat with marked pro-
longed QT interval
Underlying risk factors + Adding medications with QT prolonging effects
Known: Amiodarone, Haldol
19. Known risk of QT OLDER AGE
prolongaiton
20. Summary of Older adults have....
Age-Related -less % body weight as water
Changes -less lean muscle mass
-higher % weight as fat
-LOWER SERIUM ALBUMIN**
-lower relative kidney weight
-less relative hepatic blood flow
21. Beer's Criteria
, NURS 682: Pharmacology Midterm Review
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_dfo7iy
Unconditionally inappropriate meds & Generally best avoided regardless of cir-
cumstances
Usually alternative available
Conditioned upon disease state & dose
Likely only to be inappropriate in specific context
22. Age-related Beer's Criteria
changes that
impact drug **Avoid medications with systemic anticholinergic ridged effect due to risk of
effect / general confusion, urinary retention, constipation, visual disturbance and hypotension
pharm rules for
DO NOT continue unwise practices that are seen in daily clinical settings
the elder
Have multiple choices in a drug class, choose a product with a shorter half life
While PD (pharmakodynamics) doesn't change with gaining some age-related
changes will result in less drug effect
**In the elder: loss of B-2 receptor sites
Less bronchodilator effect with -terol meds
23. BUN blood urea nitrogen
Evaluation of the amount of nitrogen in the blood in urea form
Urea= metabolism by-product of proteins by liver, removed from the blood by
kidneys
24. Creatinine Breakdown product of muscle creatinine phosphate and is usually produced at
fairly constant rate by the body (depending on muscles mass)
**Creatinine is greater with higher muscle mass and lower with low muscle
mass**
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_dfo7iy
1. Pharmacokinet- what the body does to the drug (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion)
ics
2. Pharmacodynam- what the drug does to the body; mechanism of action
ics
Pharmacodynamic study= determining the effect of a specific medication dose in
treating a disease
3. Bioavailability -Percent of dose enter systemic circulation after PO administration
*Fraction of the administered drug that reaches systemic circulation*
4. Lower bioavail- LESS drug there is in circulation and in the tissue, higher first pass effect
ability
ex. Simvastatin
5. Higher bioavail- the more of the drug that reaches systemic circulation, Lower first pass effect
ability
ex. Atorvastatin
6. Tmax Time to maximum drug level observed
7. Cmax maximum or peak concentration of drug observed after administration
8. Volume of distri- Vd = (amount of drug in the body) / (plasma drug concentration)
bution
-distribution of a medication between plasma and the rest of the body; the volume
in which the amount of drug would need to be uniformly distributed to produce
the observed blood concentration
ex. Vancomycin in serum testing for trough levels
9. Volume of distri- -Healthy adults 20-30 vs. 60-80
bution: age relat- -Older adults get more dehydrated
ed changes -Medications that are lipophilic will stay longer in the older adult and older adults
, NURS 682: Pharmacology Midterm Review
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_dfo7iy
get
-Liver shrinks with age and albumin is synthesized in the liver. There is freer drug
available in highly protein bound drugs—->Decrease in serum albumin
-Most drugs are biotransformed in the liver, with older adults there is slower
transformation and longer half lives
10. Factors that influ- Aging
ence volume of -less free water, more body fat
distribution -lower average serum albumin
Hydration Status
Compartment and volume
11. First Pass Ef- Biostranformation and/or excretion of oral drug by hepatic mechanisms
fect (pre-sys- -occurs prior to entering GI tract
temic elimina-
tion) Drugs absorbed from the GI tract
Extensive hepatic metabolism.extraciton
Ex. IV vs oral dosages
12. Agonists Works primarily by stimulating the activity of a receptor site
binds to a receptor, causes an effect similar to endogenous compound
13. Antagonist Clinical action= occupying a receptor site and inhibiting its endogenous activity
14. Narrow thera- small differences in drug dose or blood concentration can be fatal
peutic Index
Any pharmaceutical which has <2-fold difference between the minimum toxic
concentration and minimum effective concentration in blood
15.
, NURS 682: Pharmacology Midterm Review
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_dfo7iy
Wide therapeutic Greater distance between effective dose and toxic dose
index
Ex. Fluoxetine does NOT need drug monitoring
16. Pharmacogenet- Drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
ics: PK genetic
influences Influence dose requirements and/or adverse effects
17. Pharmacogenet- Drug targets: Receptors, transporters, intracellular signaling pathways, enzymes
ics: PD genetic and metabolic pathways
influences
Influence drug efficacy
18. Drugs with QT Ventricular repolarization prolongation
prolongation
Ectopic beats with long pause follow by baseline rhythm beat with marked pro-
longed QT interval
Underlying risk factors + Adding medications with QT prolonging effects
Known: Amiodarone, Haldol
19. Known risk of QT OLDER AGE
prolongaiton
20. Summary of Older adults have....
Age-Related -less % body weight as water
Changes -less lean muscle mass
-higher % weight as fat
-LOWER SERIUM ALBUMIN**
-lower relative kidney weight
-less relative hepatic blood flow
21. Beer's Criteria
, NURS 682: Pharmacology Midterm Review
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_dfo7iy
Unconditionally inappropriate meds & Generally best avoided regardless of cir-
cumstances
Usually alternative available
Conditioned upon disease state & dose
Likely only to be inappropriate in specific context
22. Age-related Beer's Criteria
changes that
impact drug **Avoid medications with systemic anticholinergic ridged effect due to risk of
effect / general confusion, urinary retention, constipation, visual disturbance and hypotension
pharm rules for
DO NOT continue unwise practices that are seen in daily clinical settings
the elder
Have multiple choices in a drug class, choose a product with a shorter half life
While PD (pharmakodynamics) doesn't change with gaining some age-related
changes will result in less drug effect
**In the elder: loss of B-2 receptor sites
Less bronchodilator effect with -terol meds
23. BUN blood urea nitrogen
Evaluation of the amount of nitrogen in the blood in urea form
Urea= metabolism by-product of proteins by liver, removed from the blood by
kidneys
24. Creatinine Breakdown product of muscle creatinine phosphate and is usually produced at
fairly constant rate by the body (depending on muscles mass)
**Creatinine is greater with higher muscle mass and lower with low muscle
mass**
