11/7/25, 4:09 PM Medical-Surgical Nursing II - Exam 2 Review Exam (2025) Exam Questions & Answers | Latest Already Graded A+ UPDATE 2025|2…
Medical-Surgical Nursing II - Exam 2 Review
Exam (2025) Exam Questions & Answers | Latest
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Terms in this set (149)
Acute Pancreatitis is an acute inflammation of the
pancreas.
• Spillage of pancreatic enzymes into surrounding
Acute Pancreatitis
pancreatic tissue causing autodigestion and severe
pain.
- Varies from mild edema to severe necrosis
Many factors can cause injury to the pancreas.
• The most common cause is gallbladder disease
(gallstones), which is more common in women.
• The second most common cause is chronic alcohol
Acute Pancreatitis:
use, which is more common in men
Etiology
Other lesser common causes include:
• Drug Reactions
• Pancreatic Cancer
• Hypertriglyceridemia
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The most common pathogenic mechanism in acute
pancreatitis is autodigestion of the pancreas.
• The causative factors injure pancreatic cells or
activate the pancreatic enzymes in the pancreas
rather than in the intestine.
Acute Pancreatitis:
• Activation of trypsinogen to trypsin within the
Pathophysiology
pancreas leads to bleeding.
The exact mechanism by which chronic alcohol use
predisposes a person to pancreatitis is unknown.
• Alcohol may increase the production of digestive
enzymes in the pancreas.
The pathophysiologic involvement of acute pancreas
is either:
• Mild Pancreatitis (edematous or interstitial
pancreatitis)
- or -
Acute Pancreatitis: Types • Severe Pancreatitis (necrotizing pancreatitis)
- In severe pancreatitis, about half the patients have
permanent decreases in pancreatic endocrine and
exocrine function.
- At high risk for developing pancreatic necrosis,
organ failure, and septic complications.
Abdominal pain is the main manifestation.
• The pain is due to distention of the pancreas,
peritoneal irritation, and biliary tract obstruction. It is
usually in the left upper quadrant but may be mid-
epigastric.
Acute Pancreatitis: Clinical - Often radiates
Manifestations - The pain is sudden (described as severe, deep,
piercing, and continuous)
- Eating worsens the pain
- Not relieved by vomiting
- May be accompanied by flushing, cyanosis, and
dyspnea.
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Other manifestations include:
• Nausea and Vomiting
• Low-grade Fever
• Leukocytosis
• Hypotension
• Tachycardia
• Jaundice
Acute Pancreatitis: Clinical
• Abdominal tenderness with muscle guarding may be
Manifestations (2)
common
• Decreased/Absent Bowel Sounds
• Crackles present in lungs
• Areas of bruising
- Grey Turners Sign: Bluish flank discoloration
- Cullen Sign: Bluish periumbilical discoloration
• Shock may occur from bleeding into the pancreas.
Acute Pancreatitis: Two significant local complications related to acute
Complications pancreatitis are pseudocyst and abscess.
A pancreatic pseudocyst is an accumulation of fluid,
pancreatic enzymes, tissue debris, and
inflammatory exudates surrounded by a wall next to
the pancreas.
• Clinical Manifestations:
- abdominal pain
- palpable epigastric mass
Pancreatic Pseudocyst
- nausea/vomiting
- anorexia
Serum amylase is usually high.
• Diagnostic Labs for detection of pseudocysts
- CT
- MRI
- endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)
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The cysts usually resolve spontaneously within a few
weeks but may perforate, causing peritonitis or
rupture into the stomach or the duodenum.
• Treatment Options:
- surgical drainage
Pancreatic Pseudocyst (2)
- percutaneous catheter placement and drainage
- endoscopic drainage
When a pseudocyst gets infected, a pancreatic
abscess results from extensive necrosis in the
pancreas.
The result of extensive necrosis in the pancreas from a
pancreas pseudocyst. It may rupture or perforate into
adjacent organs.
• Clinical Manifestations:
- upper abdominal pain
Pancreatic Abscess
- abdominal mass
- high fever
- leukocytosis
Pancreatic abscesses need prompt surgical drainage
to prevent sepsis
The main systemic complications include:
• Pulmonary
- pleural effusion
- atelectasis
- pneumonia
- acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Acute Pancreatitis: - pulmonary emboli
Systemic Complications Pulmonary complications are due to the passage of
exudate-containing pancreatic enzymes from the
peritoneal cavity through transdiagramaphatic lymph
channels.
• Cardiovascular
- hypotension
• Tetany (resulted from hypocalcemia)
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Medical-Surgical Nursing II - Exam 2 Review
Exam (2025) Exam Questions & Answers | Latest
Already Graded A+ UPDATE 2025|2026!! STUDY
GUIDE EXAM
Save
Terms in this set (149)
Acute Pancreatitis is an acute inflammation of the
pancreas.
• Spillage of pancreatic enzymes into surrounding
Acute Pancreatitis
pancreatic tissue causing autodigestion and severe
pain.
- Varies from mild edema to severe necrosis
Many factors can cause injury to the pancreas.
• The most common cause is gallbladder disease
(gallstones), which is more common in women.
• The second most common cause is chronic alcohol
Acute Pancreatitis:
use, which is more common in men
Etiology
Other lesser common causes include:
• Drug Reactions
• Pancreatic Cancer
• Hypertriglyceridemia
https://quizlet.com/1104855652/medical-surgical-nursing-ii-exam-2-review-exam-2025-exam-questions-answers-latest-already-graded-a-update-2025… 1/46
,11/7/25, 4:09 PM Medical-Surgical Nursing II - Exam 2 Review Exam (2025) Exam Questions & Answers | Latest Already Graded A+ UPDATE 2025|2…
The most common pathogenic mechanism in acute
pancreatitis is autodigestion of the pancreas.
• The causative factors injure pancreatic cells or
activate the pancreatic enzymes in the pancreas
rather than in the intestine.
Acute Pancreatitis:
• Activation of trypsinogen to trypsin within the
Pathophysiology
pancreas leads to bleeding.
The exact mechanism by which chronic alcohol use
predisposes a person to pancreatitis is unknown.
• Alcohol may increase the production of digestive
enzymes in the pancreas.
The pathophysiologic involvement of acute pancreas
is either:
• Mild Pancreatitis (edematous or interstitial
pancreatitis)
- or -
Acute Pancreatitis: Types • Severe Pancreatitis (necrotizing pancreatitis)
- In severe pancreatitis, about half the patients have
permanent decreases in pancreatic endocrine and
exocrine function.
- At high risk for developing pancreatic necrosis,
organ failure, and septic complications.
Abdominal pain is the main manifestation.
• The pain is due to distention of the pancreas,
peritoneal irritation, and biliary tract obstruction. It is
usually in the left upper quadrant but may be mid-
epigastric.
Acute Pancreatitis: Clinical - Often radiates
Manifestations - The pain is sudden (described as severe, deep,
piercing, and continuous)
- Eating worsens the pain
- Not relieved by vomiting
- May be accompanied by flushing, cyanosis, and
dyspnea.
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,11/7/25, 4:09 PM Medical-Surgical Nursing II - Exam 2 Review Exam (2025) Exam Questions & Answers | Latest Already Graded A+ UPDATE 2025|2…
Other manifestations include:
• Nausea and Vomiting
• Low-grade Fever
• Leukocytosis
• Hypotension
• Tachycardia
• Jaundice
Acute Pancreatitis: Clinical
• Abdominal tenderness with muscle guarding may be
Manifestations (2)
common
• Decreased/Absent Bowel Sounds
• Crackles present in lungs
• Areas of bruising
- Grey Turners Sign: Bluish flank discoloration
- Cullen Sign: Bluish periumbilical discoloration
• Shock may occur from bleeding into the pancreas.
Acute Pancreatitis: Two significant local complications related to acute
Complications pancreatitis are pseudocyst and abscess.
A pancreatic pseudocyst is an accumulation of fluid,
pancreatic enzymes, tissue debris, and
inflammatory exudates surrounded by a wall next to
the pancreas.
• Clinical Manifestations:
- abdominal pain
- palpable epigastric mass
Pancreatic Pseudocyst
- nausea/vomiting
- anorexia
Serum amylase is usually high.
• Diagnostic Labs for detection of pseudocysts
- CT
- MRI
- endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)
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, 11/7/25, 4:09 PM Medical-Surgical Nursing II - Exam 2 Review Exam (2025) Exam Questions & Answers | Latest Already Graded A+ UPDATE 2025|2…
The cysts usually resolve spontaneously within a few
weeks but may perforate, causing peritonitis or
rupture into the stomach or the duodenum.
• Treatment Options:
- surgical drainage
Pancreatic Pseudocyst (2)
- percutaneous catheter placement and drainage
- endoscopic drainage
When a pseudocyst gets infected, a pancreatic
abscess results from extensive necrosis in the
pancreas.
The result of extensive necrosis in the pancreas from a
pancreas pseudocyst. It may rupture or perforate into
adjacent organs.
• Clinical Manifestations:
- upper abdominal pain
Pancreatic Abscess
- abdominal mass
- high fever
- leukocytosis
Pancreatic abscesses need prompt surgical drainage
to prevent sepsis
The main systemic complications include:
• Pulmonary
- pleural effusion
- atelectasis
- pneumonia
- acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Acute Pancreatitis: - pulmonary emboli
Systemic Complications Pulmonary complications are due to the passage of
exudate-containing pancreatic enzymes from the
peritoneal cavity through transdiagramaphatic lymph
channels.
• Cardiovascular
- hypotension
• Tetany (resulted from hypocalcemia)
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