Manual & Test Bank for Criminological Theory A Brief Introduction 4th Edition By Mitchell Miller, Chapters 1-10

Criminological Theory: A Brief
ST
Introduction – 4th Edition
UV

MANUAL & TEST
IA

BANK
_A
PP

Mitchell Miller
RO

Comprehensive Manual and Test Bank for
VE

Instructors and Students
D?

© Mitchell Miller

All rights reserved. Reproduction or distribution without permission is prohibited
??

©STUDYSTREAM

, Table of Contents

Page
ST
Introduction to the Instructor's Manual 4

Part 1: Chapter Overviews and Lecture Outlines
Chapter 1: Theoretical Criminology: An Introductory Overview 6
Chapter 2: Classical and Neoclassical Criminology 14
UV
Chapter 3: Biological Theories of Crime 20
Chapter 4: Psychological Theories of Crime 31
Chapter 5: The Social Ecology of Crime 41
Chapter 6: Learning and Cultural Transmission Theories of 50
Crime
IA
Chapter 7: Strain Theories of Crime 60
Chapter 8: Control Theories of Crime 68
Chapter 9: Theories of Social Conflict 75
_A
Chapter 10: Evaluating and Integrating Theory 85

Part 2: Test Bank Questions
Chapter 1: Theoretical Criminology: An Introductory Overview 93
Chapter 2: Classical and Neoclassical Criminology 109
PP
Chapter 3: Biological Theories of Crime 125
Chapter 4: Psychological Theories of Crime 140
Chapter 5: The Social Ecology of Crime 154
Chapter 6: Learning and Cultural Transmission Theories of 168
Crime
RO
Chapter 7: Strain Theories of Crime 183
Chapter 8: Control Theories of Crime 198
Chapter 9: Theories of Social Conflict 213
Chapter 10: Evaluating and Integrating Theory 227
VE

Part 3: Answer Key
Chapter 1: Theoretical Criminology: An Introductory Overview 241
Chapter 2: Classical and Neoclassical Criminology 244
D?
Chapter 3: Biological Theories of Crime 247
Chapter 4: Psychological Theories of Crime 250
Chapter 5: The Social Ecology of Crime 253
Chapter 6: Learning and Cultural Transmission Theories of 256
??
Crime
Chapter 7: Strain Theories of Crime 260
Chapter 8: Control Theories of Crime 264


3

, Chapter 1
Theoretical Criminology: An Introductory Overview
ST
Chapter Overview:

This chapter begins by defining criminology as focused on the process of
making and breaking laws. It distinguishes criminal justice from criminology
UV
in that the former is more “solutions-oriented” while the latter is more
concerned with the discovery of causes and reasons for committing crime
and theory creation. The authors are quick to point out, however, that
criminal justice practitioners and criminological theorists rely upon one
IA
another to effect change in human behavior. The next section of the chapter
outlines the "evolution" of criminology from the ancient Babylonian Code of
Hammurabi to the current hegemonic status of the sociological perspective
of crime. Therein, the authors note that criminologists often disagree about
_A
the reasons for crime and its relationship to various social problems. Some
scholars argue in favor of individual-level explanations of human behavior
(i.e., micro-level theories) while others espouse macro-level explanations of
crime. These macro-level theories typically focus on social ills such as
PP
poverty, unemployment, and overall disadvantage. The objective of this
introductory chapter is to "prime" the reader toward the notion that a
variety of theoretical perspectives exist and that all have some bearing on
crime. Some theoretical accounts have competing interests while others are
RO
more complimentary. The authors offer guidance to readers to understand
how one can assess the quality of an individual theory and describe how
quality theories can help create an evidence-base to shape criminal justice
practice and policies in an informed, productive way.
VE
Learning Objectives:

After reading this chapter, the student should be able to:
(1) Understand the origins of criminological theory
D?
(2) Discuss the process of theory construction
(3) Describe how to assess the relative merit of a particular theory on the
grounds of its explanatory value
(4) Explain the possible applicability of criminological theory for criminal
justice practices and policies in a general way
??
Key Terms:



6

, Chicago School
Classical School of Criminology
ST
Correlation
Crime Rate
Criminality
Criminology
UV
Determinism
Positivism
Social Contract
Theory
IA
Lecture Outline:

I. Introduction
A. Criminology is focused on the processes of making and breaking laws
_A
B. Criminologists seek to understand the "why" of crime (i.e., why did person
A become a criminal but person B did not?) and the causes of crime
C. We know certain “facts” regarding the causes and nature of crime
D. Criminologists observe the realities of crime and try to piece together
explanations
PP
a) some look to individual-level explanations
b) others look to macro-level explanations
II. The Origins and Evolution of Criminology
A. Attention to crime can be traced back to ancient Babylonia and the Code
of Hammurabi as well as in the Judeo-Christian perspective depicted in
RO
the Bible
B. The family-revenge model of justice became dominant during the feudal
era
a) Trial by battle
i. The victim or victim’s family member would fight the
VE
offender or offender’s family member
b) Trial by ordeal
i. The accused was subject to a test that would determine
his/her innocence (run the gauntlet or dunked in water
while bound with a robe)
D?
C. Spirituality continued to affect interpretations of crime causation
a) Salem Witch Trials-result from belief that crime could be
attributed to witchcraft and demonic possession
b) Emergence of penitentiaries or correctional institutions in
Philadelphia by Quakers who believed that isolation, labor, and
??
Bible reading would rehabilitate the offender (e.g., spiritual
enlightenment can be a crime solution, just today’s faith-based
approaches)



7