Hypothalamus to Pituitary Axis (HPA) &
Thyroid Questions and Verified Answers,
100- Score Guarantee Pass (Latest
2025).
Hypothalamus - CORRECT ANSWERS - a neural structure lying below the thalamus
- directs eating, drinking, body temperature
- helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion
Pituitary gland - CORRECT ANSWERS - the endocrine system's most influential gland
- regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands
What connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus? - CORRECT ANSWERS stalk (aka
infundibulum)
The pituitary gland needs to be protected because it is... - CORRECT ANSWERS extending off of
the hypothalamus and can be easily damaged
Pituitary gland sits in the _________ of sphenoid - CORRECT ANSWERS sella furcica
The pituitary gland and hypothalamus are derived from... - CORRECT ANSWERS ectoderm
Ectoderm derivatives (_________ and _________) generate 2 different lobes of the ___________ -
CORRECT ANSWERS oral and neuro ecto ; pituitary glands
The pituitary gland is in direct contact with the... - CORRECT ANSWERS hypothalamus
,There are neurons in the hypothalamus that extend down into the _________ so it is neurological in
development - CORRECT ANSWERS posterior pituitary
The posterior pituitary comes more from the... - CORRECT ANSWERS neuro ectoderm
There are NO neurons that extend down into the _________ so it is more endocrine in development -
CORRECT ANSWERS anterior pituitary
The anterior pituitary comes more from the... - CORRECT ANSWERS neural crest cells
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin (OXT) are stored and released from the... - CORRECT
ANSWERS posterior pituitary
Hypothalamus uses a specialized circulatory system so the hormones in the hypothalamus are released
directly into the... - CORRECT ANSWERS anterior pituitary
Anterior pituitary has ________ different hormones that it can release into systemic circulation -
CORRECT ANSWERS 7 (which go on to affect other systems of the body)
We have ___________ control from the hypothalamus that goes directly down to the adrenal glands
and this will signal to have the adrenal gland secrete ___________ and ___________ from adrenal
medulla to the body - CORRECT ANSWERS Sympathetic ; epinephrine ; norepinephrine
What 2 neuropeptides does the posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis) secrete? - CORRECT
ANSWERS - oxytocin
- ADH
Oxytocin is a hormone that plays a role in ___________, ___________, and ___________ - CORRECT
ANSWERS social bonding, sexual reproduction, and childbirth
, ADH's (aka vasopressin) goal is to regulate ___________, ___________, and ___________ - CORRECT
ANSWERS body fluid osmolarity, pressure, and volume
The posterior pituitary gland will release ADH when... - CORRECT ANSWERS we have
osmolarity that is too high
What can cause high molarity? - CORRECT ANSWERS - concentration of ions is normal but
decrease in water volume
- concentration of ions is too high in general
How can ADH (aka vasopressin) lower osmolarity? - CORRECT ANSWERS - binds to smooth
muscle → increase BP
- increases the reabsorption of water in the kidneys (don't excrete it) → increase BV, decrease diuresis,
decrease osmotic pressure
What is the response of vascular smooth muscle via ADH receptor type 1 to dehydration? - CORRECT
ANSWERS 1. ADH binds to type 1 receptor (G protein coupled receptor)
2. alpha subunit interacts with phospholipase C
3. phospholipase C initiates DAG pathway AND inositol triphosphate pathway (IP3) (DAG pathway
doesn't really do much in terms of dehydration so we aren't really going to use this pathway)
4. IP3 binds to calcium channel receptor, changes confirmation, & opens up Ca channel
5. Ca is released into the cell (increase in Ca inside the smooth muscle cell)
6. Ca binds to calmodulin converting it to its active form
7. calmodulin activates downstream kinases causes them to convert ATP to ADP and phosphorylate
myosin
8. myosin and actin interact and smooth muscle moves through crossbridge cycling
Thyroid Questions and Verified Answers,
100- Score Guarantee Pass (Latest
2025).
Hypothalamus - CORRECT ANSWERS - a neural structure lying below the thalamus
- directs eating, drinking, body temperature
- helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion
Pituitary gland - CORRECT ANSWERS - the endocrine system's most influential gland
- regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands
What connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus? - CORRECT ANSWERS stalk (aka
infundibulum)
The pituitary gland needs to be protected because it is... - CORRECT ANSWERS extending off of
the hypothalamus and can be easily damaged
Pituitary gland sits in the _________ of sphenoid - CORRECT ANSWERS sella furcica
The pituitary gland and hypothalamus are derived from... - CORRECT ANSWERS ectoderm
Ectoderm derivatives (_________ and _________) generate 2 different lobes of the ___________ -
CORRECT ANSWERS oral and neuro ecto ; pituitary glands
The pituitary gland is in direct contact with the... - CORRECT ANSWERS hypothalamus
,There are neurons in the hypothalamus that extend down into the _________ so it is neurological in
development - CORRECT ANSWERS posterior pituitary
The posterior pituitary comes more from the... - CORRECT ANSWERS neuro ectoderm
There are NO neurons that extend down into the _________ so it is more endocrine in development -
CORRECT ANSWERS anterior pituitary
The anterior pituitary comes more from the... - CORRECT ANSWERS neural crest cells
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin (OXT) are stored and released from the... - CORRECT
ANSWERS posterior pituitary
Hypothalamus uses a specialized circulatory system so the hormones in the hypothalamus are released
directly into the... - CORRECT ANSWERS anterior pituitary
Anterior pituitary has ________ different hormones that it can release into systemic circulation -
CORRECT ANSWERS 7 (which go on to affect other systems of the body)
We have ___________ control from the hypothalamus that goes directly down to the adrenal glands
and this will signal to have the adrenal gland secrete ___________ and ___________ from adrenal
medulla to the body - CORRECT ANSWERS Sympathetic ; epinephrine ; norepinephrine
What 2 neuropeptides does the posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis) secrete? - CORRECT
ANSWERS - oxytocin
- ADH
Oxytocin is a hormone that plays a role in ___________, ___________, and ___________ - CORRECT
ANSWERS social bonding, sexual reproduction, and childbirth
, ADH's (aka vasopressin) goal is to regulate ___________, ___________, and ___________ - CORRECT
ANSWERS body fluid osmolarity, pressure, and volume
The posterior pituitary gland will release ADH when... - CORRECT ANSWERS we have
osmolarity that is too high
What can cause high molarity? - CORRECT ANSWERS - concentration of ions is normal but
decrease in water volume
- concentration of ions is too high in general
How can ADH (aka vasopressin) lower osmolarity? - CORRECT ANSWERS - binds to smooth
muscle → increase BP
- increases the reabsorption of water in the kidneys (don't excrete it) → increase BV, decrease diuresis,
decrease osmotic pressure
What is the response of vascular smooth muscle via ADH receptor type 1 to dehydration? - CORRECT
ANSWERS 1. ADH binds to type 1 receptor (G protein coupled receptor)
2. alpha subunit interacts with phospholipase C
3. phospholipase C initiates DAG pathway AND inositol triphosphate pathway (IP3) (DAG pathway
doesn't really do much in terms of dehydration so we aren't really going to use this pathway)
4. IP3 binds to calcium channel receptor, changes confirmation, & opens up Ca channel
5. Ca is released into the cell (increase in Ca inside the smooth muscle cell)
6. Ca binds to calmodulin converting it to its active form
7. calmodulin activates downstream kinases causes them to convert ATP to ADP and phosphorylate
myosin
8. myosin and actin interact and smooth muscle moves through crossbridge cycling
