HESI A2 Anatomy and Physiology Exam Questions
and answers
Anatomic Position - ✅✅The body is erect, the feet are slightly apart, the head is held high, and the
palms of the hands are facing forward.
Superior - ✅✅Above
Inferior - ✅✅Below
Anterior - ✅✅Facing forward
Posterior - ✅✅Toward the back
Medial - ✅✅Toward the midline
Lateral - ✅✅Away from the midline; towards the side
Proximal - ✅✅closer to point of attachment
Distal - ✅✅Farther away from point of attachment
Histology - ✅✅Study of tissues
Epithelial cells - ✅✅Cover, line, and protect the body and its internal organs
Connective tissue - ✅✅Framework of the body, providing support and structure for the organs; Types
of Connective Tissue: Cartilage, Adipose, and Smooth
,Nerve Tissue - ✅✅Composed of neurons
Tissue - ✅✅Group of cells that act together to perform specific functions
Neuroglia - ✅✅Neurons and connective tissue cells that make of nerve tissue
Muscle Tissue - ✅✅-Classified as voluntary muscle (skeletal muscle) or involuntary muscle (smooth
and cardiac muscle tissue)
-Have the ability to contract or shorten
Cell - ✅✅Basic unit of life and the building blocks of tissues and organs
Nucleus - ✅✅Contains DNA
Ribosomes - ✅✅-Synthesis of proteins
-Proteins include the enzymes that regulate all chemical reactions within the body
Mitosis - ✅✅-Necessary for growth and repair
-DNA is duplicated and distributed evenly to two daughter cells
Meiosis - ✅✅-Cell division that takes place in the gonads (ovaries and testes);
-Chromosome number reduced from 46 to 23 so when the egg and the sperm unite in fertilization, the
zygote will have correct number of chromosomes
Skin - ✅✅-Largest organ in the body
-Epidermis (outermost); Dermis (underlying)
Epidermis - ✅✅Outermost protective layer made of dead, keratinized epithelial cells
, Dermis - ✅✅-Underlying layer of connective tissue with blood vessels, nerve endings, hair follicles,
glands, and the associated skin structures
-rests on subcutaneous tissue that connects the skin to the superficial muscles
Layers of Epidermis (Outer to Inner) - ✅✅*(C)ome (L)et's (G)et (S)un (B)urned!*
1. Stratum corneum
2. Stratum Lucidum
3. Stratum granulosum
4. Stratum germinativum (stratum basale and stratum spinosum) This is where mitosis occurs
Melanin - ✅✅Epidermal cells contain this which protects against radiation from the sun
Eccrine - ✅✅Most widely distributed sweat gland, regulates body temperature by releasing watery
secretions that evaporate on the surface of the skin
Apocrine - ✅✅-Sweat gland in the armpits and groin area
-This secretion contains bits of cytoplasm from the secreting cells
-This cell debris attracts bacteria resulting in body odor
Sebaceous glands - ✅✅Releases an oily secretion (sebum) through hair follicles that lubricates the
skin and prevents them from dying
Holocrine - ✅✅-Sebum is produced by holocrine secretion
-These glands are susceptible to becoming clogged and attracting bacteria
Keratin - ✅✅strong protein that hair and nails are composed of
Skeletal System Functions - ✅✅Support, movement, blood cell formation (HEMOPOIESIS), protection
of internal organs, detoxification, provision for muscle attachment and mineral storage (particularly Ca
and P)
and answers
Anatomic Position - ✅✅The body is erect, the feet are slightly apart, the head is held high, and the
palms of the hands are facing forward.
Superior - ✅✅Above
Inferior - ✅✅Below
Anterior - ✅✅Facing forward
Posterior - ✅✅Toward the back
Medial - ✅✅Toward the midline
Lateral - ✅✅Away from the midline; towards the side
Proximal - ✅✅closer to point of attachment
Distal - ✅✅Farther away from point of attachment
Histology - ✅✅Study of tissues
Epithelial cells - ✅✅Cover, line, and protect the body and its internal organs
Connective tissue - ✅✅Framework of the body, providing support and structure for the organs; Types
of Connective Tissue: Cartilage, Adipose, and Smooth
,Nerve Tissue - ✅✅Composed of neurons
Tissue - ✅✅Group of cells that act together to perform specific functions
Neuroglia - ✅✅Neurons and connective tissue cells that make of nerve tissue
Muscle Tissue - ✅✅-Classified as voluntary muscle (skeletal muscle) or involuntary muscle (smooth
and cardiac muscle tissue)
-Have the ability to contract or shorten
Cell - ✅✅Basic unit of life and the building blocks of tissues and organs
Nucleus - ✅✅Contains DNA
Ribosomes - ✅✅-Synthesis of proteins
-Proteins include the enzymes that regulate all chemical reactions within the body
Mitosis - ✅✅-Necessary for growth and repair
-DNA is duplicated and distributed evenly to two daughter cells
Meiosis - ✅✅-Cell division that takes place in the gonads (ovaries and testes);
-Chromosome number reduced from 46 to 23 so when the egg and the sperm unite in fertilization, the
zygote will have correct number of chromosomes
Skin - ✅✅-Largest organ in the body
-Epidermis (outermost); Dermis (underlying)
Epidermis - ✅✅Outermost protective layer made of dead, keratinized epithelial cells
, Dermis - ✅✅-Underlying layer of connective tissue with blood vessels, nerve endings, hair follicles,
glands, and the associated skin structures
-rests on subcutaneous tissue that connects the skin to the superficial muscles
Layers of Epidermis (Outer to Inner) - ✅✅*(C)ome (L)et's (G)et (S)un (B)urned!*
1. Stratum corneum
2. Stratum Lucidum
3. Stratum granulosum
4. Stratum germinativum (stratum basale and stratum spinosum) This is where mitosis occurs
Melanin - ✅✅Epidermal cells contain this which protects against radiation from the sun
Eccrine - ✅✅Most widely distributed sweat gland, regulates body temperature by releasing watery
secretions that evaporate on the surface of the skin
Apocrine - ✅✅-Sweat gland in the armpits and groin area
-This secretion contains bits of cytoplasm from the secreting cells
-This cell debris attracts bacteria resulting in body odor
Sebaceous glands - ✅✅Releases an oily secretion (sebum) through hair follicles that lubricates the
skin and prevents them from dying
Holocrine - ✅✅-Sebum is produced by holocrine secretion
-These glands are susceptible to becoming clogged and attracting bacteria
Keratin - ✅✅strong protein that hair and nails are composed of
Skeletal System Functions - ✅✅Support, movement, blood cell formation (HEMOPOIESIS), protection
of internal organs, detoxification, provision for muscle attachment and mineral storage (particularly Ca
and P)
