AQA A Level Biology Paper 1
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1. Water removed from the reactants joining two molecules together forming a
chemical bond: Condensation
2. The addition of water to the reactants to break a chemical bond between 2
molecules: Hydrolysis
3. 1. Add Benedict's reagent. 2. Heat the solution in a water bath for 5 minutes
at 95 degrees Celsius. 3. Change from blue to brick red as CuO formed: Test for
Reducing Sugars (3)
4. Smaller units from which larger molecules are made: Monomer
5. 1. Add 2cm³ of food sample then add 2cm³ of dilute HCl and heat.
2. Add 2cm³ of NaHCO3 then do test for reducing sugars.: Non-Reducing Sugars (2)
6. Add drops of iodine to starch solution. Colour change to blue-black: Test for Starch
(1)
7. 1. Mix Test solution with ethanol.
2. Shake for 1 minute then add water.
3. Cloudy white emulsion: Test for Lipids (3)
8. 1. Obtain equal volumes of test solution and NaOH then add a few drops of
biuret solution (dilute copper (II) sulphate solution).
2. Colour change to mauve/purple: Test for Proteins (2)
9. 1. Very high resolution.
2. Needs thin and dead specimen.
3. Artefacts can occur (remnant left on object during prep, such as air bubbles)
4. Uses magnets to focus on specimen
5. Uses electrons fired at sample.
6. Is not in colour: Transmission Electron Microscope (5)
10. 1. Inhibitor is similar in shape to substrate so it impermanently binds to the
active site.
2. Prevents ESC from forming, slowing rate: Competitive inhibition (2)
11. 1. Molecule will bind to allosteric site.
2. Binding causes a change in active site.
3. Permanently preventing further ESC.: Non-competitive inhibition (3)
12. 1. DNA helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs
2. 2 single strands formed as the double helix "unzips".
, AQA A Level Biology Paper 1
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_c6nwys
3. Free DNA nucleotides in the nucleoplasm bond to the complementary bases
on the strand.
4. DNA polymerase forms phosphodiester bonds between adjacent DNA nu-
cleotides via condensation reaction with the hydrolysis of ATP, forming the
phosphate backbone: DNA Replication: Semiconservative (4)
13. 1. ATP stores or releases only a small amount of energy at a time, so no
energy is wasted as heat.
2. Small and soluble so easily transported
3. Easily broken down, so energy is released instantaneously
4. Can be quickly re-made
5. Can make other molecules more reactive via phosphorylation
6. ATP can't pass out of cell, so the cell always has an immediate supply of
energy.: Describe 6 properties of ATP that make it a good energy source. (6)
14. Prevents the cell from drying out. Allows bacteria to stick to each other: Slime
capsule (2)
15. Used for attachment of a cell to a surface: Fimbria
16. Involved in bacterial conjugation: Pilli
17. Invagination of cell membrane. Site of cell respiration (prokaryotes): Mesosom
18. The ability to distinguish two points apart: Resolution
19. 1. Lower resolution than TEM
2. 3D image
3. Does not require thin samples: Scanning Electron Microscope
20. The mass of organelles at the bottom of the test tube after centrifugation.-
: Pellet
21. Cold. Low temperature slows enzyme activity, minimising self digestion by
reducing metabolic rate. Isotonic. Salt and sugar concentration kept the same,
minimising organelle size change due to osmosis. Buffered. Minimum changes
in pH, so prevents enzymes in organelles denaturing.: Solution Required for cell fractiona-
tion (6 Marks)
22. 1. Homogenisation. Breaking up cells by blending the sample to create a
homogenate.
2. Filtering. Filtering the large, unwanted sil, producing the filtrate.
, AQA A Level Biology Paper 1
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3. Ultracentrifugation. Spin in a centrifuge so components separate out by
weight. Heavier near the bottom of the tube.
4. Supernatant is removed and spun again at higher speed.: Separation of Organelles
From The Cells (4)
23. The solution not including the pellet at the bottom of the test tube after
centrifugation.: Supernatant
24. 1. Cell wall forms, dividing the two genetically identical daughter cells.
2. Same circular DNA.: Binary Fission 3
25. Nuclei, Chloroplasts, Mitochondria, Lysosomes, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Ri-
bosomes: Order of Organelles
26. (Pass me a taco chief): Mitosis acronym
27. Cell grows and carrys out its normal function: Interphase
28. Cells grow to normal size. Organelles replicate and genes are expressed to
make proteins needed.: Interphase G1
29. DNA and histones replicated.: Interphase S
30. Spindle fibres are made: Interphase G2
31. 1. DNA winds up making chromosones from chromatin.
2. Centrioles appear at opposite poles of the cell. 3. Nucleolus disappears: -
Prophase (3)
32. 1. Nuclear envelope disappears.
2. Chromosomes align along the equator of the cell.
3. Spindle fibres connect centrioles to chromosomes: Metaphase (3)
33. 1. Spindle fibres contract pulling daughter chromosomes to opposite poles
of the cell.: Anaphase (1)
34. 1. Spindle fibres disperse.
2. Nuclear envelope forms.
3. Chromatids uncoil to chromatin: Telophase (3)
35. 1. Cytoplasm constricts separating the cells into two.
2. Membrane forms creating two new genetically identical daughter cells.: Cy-
tokinesis (2)
36. number of cells in mitosis/total number of cells: Mitotic index
, AQA A Level Biology Paper 1
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37. 1. Circular DNA replicates and both copies attach to the cell membrane.
2. Plasmids also replicate.: Binary fission 1 (2)
38. Cell membrane grows between the two DNA molecules and pinches them
inwards dividing the cell into 2.: Binary Fission 2 (1)
39. 1. Attach to host cell via attachment protein and inject nucleic acid into the
cell.
2. This gives the instructions to construct the virus: Virus Replication 1 (2)
40. 1. The virus is then assembled and leaves the cell, taking the phospholipid
bilayer with it.
2. This creates holes in the cell and kills it.: Virus Replication 2 (2)
41. Fluid: All the components can move around. Mosaic: Many different compo-
nents all fit together: Fluid mosaic Structure [Fluid][Mosaic] (2)
42. The passive transport of large molecules such as amino acids and sugars,
but they require integral proteins to pass through.: Facilitated Dittusion
43. The passive movement of particles from a high concentration to a region of
low concentration, down a concentration gradient.: Dittusion
44. 1. Add antibody that is specific to antigen. After leaving them to bind, wash
the surface to remove unattached antibodies.
2. Add a second antibody with an enzyme attached.
3. Second antibody binds with first antibody
4. Add colourless substrate of enzyme, which the enzyme will act upon to give
a coloured product.
5. The intensity of the colour is relative to the amount of antigen present.: ELISA
Test (Enzyme linked Immunosorbent Assay) (5)
45. Small, non-polar molecules (excluding water) freely diffuses in and out of
cells through gaps between phospholipids.: Simple Lipid Dittusion
46. The passive movement of water molecules across a partially permeable
membrane from a high water potential to a low water potential, down a con-
centration gradient. (Distilled water = 0Ψ): Osmosis
47. Equal concentration solution to the cell: Isotonic
48. Solution of higher concentration to cell.: Hypertonic
49. Solution of a lower concentration to cell.: Hypotonic
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_c6nwys
1. Water removed from the reactants joining two molecules together forming a
chemical bond: Condensation
2. The addition of water to the reactants to break a chemical bond between 2
molecules: Hydrolysis
3. 1. Add Benedict's reagent. 2. Heat the solution in a water bath for 5 minutes
at 95 degrees Celsius. 3. Change from blue to brick red as CuO formed: Test for
Reducing Sugars (3)
4. Smaller units from which larger molecules are made: Monomer
5. 1. Add 2cm³ of food sample then add 2cm³ of dilute HCl and heat.
2. Add 2cm³ of NaHCO3 then do test for reducing sugars.: Non-Reducing Sugars (2)
6. Add drops of iodine to starch solution. Colour change to blue-black: Test for Starch
(1)
7. 1. Mix Test solution with ethanol.
2. Shake for 1 minute then add water.
3. Cloudy white emulsion: Test for Lipids (3)
8. 1. Obtain equal volumes of test solution and NaOH then add a few drops of
biuret solution (dilute copper (II) sulphate solution).
2. Colour change to mauve/purple: Test for Proteins (2)
9. 1. Very high resolution.
2. Needs thin and dead specimen.
3. Artefacts can occur (remnant left on object during prep, such as air bubbles)
4. Uses magnets to focus on specimen
5. Uses electrons fired at sample.
6. Is not in colour: Transmission Electron Microscope (5)
10. 1. Inhibitor is similar in shape to substrate so it impermanently binds to the
active site.
2. Prevents ESC from forming, slowing rate: Competitive inhibition (2)
11. 1. Molecule will bind to allosteric site.
2. Binding causes a change in active site.
3. Permanently preventing further ESC.: Non-competitive inhibition (3)
12. 1. DNA helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs
2. 2 single strands formed as the double helix "unzips".
, AQA A Level Biology Paper 1
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_c6nwys
3. Free DNA nucleotides in the nucleoplasm bond to the complementary bases
on the strand.
4. DNA polymerase forms phosphodiester bonds between adjacent DNA nu-
cleotides via condensation reaction with the hydrolysis of ATP, forming the
phosphate backbone: DNA Replication: Semiconservative (4)
13. 1. ATP stores or releases only a small amount of energy at a time, so no
energy is wasted as heat.
2. Small and soluble so easily transported
3. Easily broken down, so energy is released instantaneously
4. Can be quickly re-made
5. Can make other molecules more reactive via phosphorylation
6. ATP can't pass out of cell, so the cell always has an immediate supply of
energy.: Describe 6 properties of ATP that make it a good energy source. (6)
14. Prevents the cell from drying out. Allows bacteria to stick to each other: Slime
capsule (2)
15. Used for attachment of a cell to a surface: Fimbria
16. Involved in bacterial conjugation: Pilli
17. Invagination of cell membrane. Site of cell respiration (prokaryotes): Mesosom
18. The ability to distinguish two points apart: Resolution
19. 1. Lower resolution than TEM
2. 3D image
3. Does not require thin samples: Scanning Electron Microscope
20. The mass of organelles at the bottom of the test tube after centrifugation.-
: Pellet
21. Cold. Low temperature slows enzyme activity, minimising self digestion by
reducing metabolic rate. Isotonic. Salt and sugar concentration kept the same,
minimising organelle size change due to osmosis. Buffered. Minimum changes
in pH, so prevents enzymes in organelles denaturing.: Solution Required for cell fractiona-
tion (6 Marks)
22. 1. Homogenisation. Breaking up cells by blending the sample to create a
homogenate.
2. Filtering. Filtering the large, unwanted sil, producing the filtrate.
, AQA A Level Biology Paper 1
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_c6nwys
3. Ultracentrifugation. Spin in a centrifuge so components separate out by
weight. Heavier near the bottom of the tube.
4. Supernatant is removed and spun again at higher speed.: Separation of Organelles
From The Cells (4)
23. The solution not including the pellet at the bottom of the test tube after
centrifugation.: Supernatant
24. 1. Cell wall forms, dividing the two genetically identical daughter cells.
2. Same circular DNA.: Binary Fission 3
25. Nuclei, Chloroplasts, Mitochondria, Lysosomes, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Ri-
bosomes: Order of Organelles
26. (Pass me a taco chief): Mitosis acronym
27. Cell grows and carrys out its normal function: Interphase
28. Cells grow to normal size. Organelles replicate and genes are expressed to
make proteins needed.: Interphase G1
29. DNA and histones replicated.: Interphase S
30. Spindle fibres are made: Interphase G2
31. 1. DNA winds up making chromosones from chromatin.
2. Centrioles appear at opposite poles of the cell. 3. Nucleolus disappears: -
Prophase (3)
32. 1. Nuclear envelope disappears.
2. Chromosomes align along the equator of the cell.
3. Spindle fibres connect centrioles to chromosomes: Metaphase (3)
33. 1. Spindle fibres contract pulling daughter chromosomes to opposite poles
of the cell.: Anaphase (1)
34. 1. Spindle fibres disperse.
2. Nuclear envelope forms.
3. Chromatids uncoil to chromatin: Telophase (3)
35. 1. Cytoplasm constricts separating the cells into two.
2. Membrane forms creating two new genetically identical daughter cells.: Cy-
tokinesis (2)
36. number of cells in mitosis/total number of cells: Mitotic index
, AQA A Level Biology Paper 1
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_c6nwys
37. 1. Circular DNA replicates and both copies attach to the cell membrane.
2. Plasmids also replicate.: Binary fission 1 (2)
38. Cell membrane grows between the two DNA molecules and pinches them
inwards dividing the cell into 2.: Binary Fission 2 (1)
39. 1. Attach to host cell via attachment protein and inject nucleic acid into the
cell.
2. This gives the instructions to construct the virus: Virus Replication 1 (2)
40. 1. The virus is then assembled and leaves the cell, taking the phospholipid
bilayer with it.
2. This creates holes in the cell and kills it.: Virus Replication 2 (2)
41. Fluid: All the components can move around. Mosaic: Many different compo-
nents all fit together: Fluid mosaic Structure [Fluid][Mosaic] (2)
42. The passive transport of large molecules such as amino acids and sugars,
but they require integral proteins to pass through.: Facilitated Dittusion
43. The passive movement of particles from a high concentration to a region of
low concentration, down a concentration gradient.: Dittusion
44. 1. Add antibody that is specific to antigen. After leaving them to bind, wash
the surface to remove unattached antibodies.
2. Add a second antibody with an enzyme attached.
3. Second antibody binds with first antibody
4. Add colourless substrate of enzyme, which the enzyme will act upon to give
a coloured product.
5. The intensity of the colour is relative to the amount of antigen present.: ELISA
Test (Enzyme linked Immunosorbent Assay) (5)
45. Small, non-polar molecules (excluding water) freely diffuses in and out of
cells through gaps between phospholipids.: Simple Lipid Dittusion
46. The passive movement of water molecules across a partially permeable
membrane from a high water potential to a low water potential, down a con-
centration gradient. (Distilled water = 0Ψ): Osmosis
47. Equal concentration solution to the cell: Isotonic
48. Solution of higher concentration to cell.: Hypertonic
49. Solution of a lower concentration to cell.: Hypotonic
