NR 283 Pathophysiology Exam With
Actual 120 Questions & Verified
Answers,Plus Rationales/Expert
Verified For Guaranteed Pass Graded
A+/ 2025/2026 /Latest Update/Instant
Download Pdf
1. Which type of cell injury is typically reversible if the stressor is removed?
a) Necrosis
b) Apoptosis
c) Cellular swelling
d) Gangrene
Answer: Cellular swelling
Rationale: Cellular swelling occurs due to an accumulation of water in the cell, and it is
reversible if the causative stressor is removed. Necrosis is irreversible.
2. What is the primary mechanism of hypoxic cell injury?
a) Free radical damage
b) ATP depletion
c) DNA mutation
d) Lysosomal rupture
Answer: ATP depletion
Rationale: Hypoxia leads to decreased ATP production, impairing ion pumps and causing
cellular dysfunction and injury.
3. Which of the following is considered a chronic inflammatory condition?
a) Acute appendicitis
b) Rheumatoid arthritis
c) Acute pharyngitis
d) Pneumonia
,Answer: Rheumatoid arthritis
Rationale: Rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by prolonged inflammation leading to
tissue damage, unlike acute inflammatory conditions.
4. A patient has increased bilirubin, jaundice, and dark urine. Which condition is most
likely?
a) Renal failure
b) Hemophilia
c) Liver disease
d) Pancreatitis
Answer: Liver disease
Rationale: Jaundice and dark urine result from impaired bilirubin metabolism, commonly
due to liver dysfunction.
5. Which type of necrosis is most associated with tuberculosis?
a) Liquefactive
b) Caseous
c) Coagulative
d) Fat
Answer: Caseous
Rationale: Caseous necrosis is a combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis,
typically seen in granulomatous infections like TB.
6. Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely to occur in renal failure?
a) Hypokalemia
b) Hyperkalemia
c) Hyponatremia
d) Hypercalcemia
Answer: Hyperkalemia
Rationale: Impaired kidney function reduces potassium excretion, leading to hyperkalemia.
7. Which of the following is a primary risk factor for atherosclerosis?
a) Hypotension
b) Low LDL cholesterol
c) Smoking
d) Low BMI
Answer: Smoking
Rationale: Smoking damages the endothelium and promotes plaque formation, a key
factor in atherosclerosis.
8. A patient has tachycardia, tremors, and heat intolerance. Lab results show low TSH.
The likely diagnosis is:
, a) Hypothyroidism
b) Hyperthyroidism
c) Cushing syndrome
d) Addison disease
Answer: Hyperthyroidism
Rationale: Symptoms like tachycardia, tremor, and heat intolerance with low TSH indicate
an overactive thyroid.
9. Which hormone is primarily responsible for water retention in the kidneys?
a) Cortisol
b) Aldosterone
c) ADH
d) Parathyroid hormone
Answer: ADH
Rationale: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increases water reabsorption in the collecting ducts
of the kidney.
10. A patient with chronic liver disease develops confusion and asterixis. This is most
likely due to:
a) Hypoglycemia
b) Hypercalcemia
c) Hepatic encephalopathy
d) Uremia
Answer: Hepatic encephalopathy
Rationale: Toxin accumulation, especially ammonia, in liver failure leads to
neuropsychiatric symptoms.
11. Which of the following is a hallmark of systemic inflammatory response syndrome
(SIRS)?
a) Bradycardia
b) Fever
c) Hypoglycemia
d) Hypertension
Answer: Fever
Rationale: SIRS is characterized by systemic inflammation, often causing fever, tachycardia,
tachypnea, and leukocytosis.
12. What type of hypersensitivity reaction is seen in anaphylaxis?
a) Type I
b) Type II
Actual 120 Questions & Verified
Answers,Plus Rationales/Expert
Verified For Guaranteed Pass Graded
A+/ 2025/2026 /Latest Update/Instant
Download Pdf
1. Which type of cell injury is typically reversible if the stressor is removed?
a) Necrosis
b) Apoptosis
c) Cellular swelling
d) Gangrene
Answer: Cellular swelling
Rationale: Cellular swelling occurs due to an accumulation of water in the cell, and it is
reversible if the causative stressor is removed. Necrosis is irreversible.
2. What is the primary mechanism of hypoxic cell injury?
a) Free radical damage
b) ATP depletion
c) DNA mutation
d) Lysosomal rupture
Answer: ATP depletion
Rationale: Hypoxia leads to decreased ATP production, impairing ion pumps and causing
cellular dysfunction and injury.
3. Which of the following is considered a chronic inflammatory condition?
a) Acute appendicitis
b) Rheumatoid arthritis
c) Acute pharyngitis
d) Pneumonia
,Answer: Rheumatoid arthritis
Rationale: Rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by prolonged inflammation leading to
tissue damage, unlike acute inflammatory conditions.
4. A patient has increased bilirubin, jaundice, and dark urine. Which condition is most
likely?
a) Renal failure
b) Hemophilia
c) Liver disease
d) Pancreatitis
Answer: Liver disease
Rationale: Jaundice and dark urine result from impaired bilirubin metabolism, commonly
due to liver dysfunction.
5. Which type of necrosis is most associated with tuberculosis?
a) Liquefactive
b) Caseous
c) Coagulative
d) Fat
Answer: Caseous
Rationale: Caseous necrosis is a combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis,
typically seen in granulomatous infections like TB.
6. Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely to occur in renal failure?
a) Hypokalemia
b) Hyperkalemia
c) Hyponatremia
d) Hypercalcemia
Answer: Hyperkalemia
Rationale: Impaired kidney function reduces potassium excretion, leading to hyperkalemia.
7. Which of the following is a primary risk factor for atherosclerosis?
a) Hypotension
b) Low LDL cholesterol
c) Smoking
d) Low BMI
Answer: Smoking
Rationale: Smoking damages the endothelium and promotes plaque formation, a key
factor in atherosclerosis.
8. A patient has tachycardia, tremors, and heat intolerance. Lab results show low TSH.
The likely diagnosis is:
, a) Hypothyroidism
b) Hyperthyroidism
c) Cushing syndrome
d) Addison disease
Answer: Hyperthyroidism
Rationale: Symptoms like tachycardia, tremor, and heat intolerance with low TSH indicate
an overactive thyroid.
9. Which hormone is primarily responsible for water retention in the kidneys?
a) Cortisol
b) Aldosterone
c) ADH
d) Parathyroid hormone
Answer: ADH
Rationale: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increases water reabsorption in the collecting ducts
of the kidney.
10. A patient with chronic liver disease develops confusion and asterixis. This is most
likely due to:
a) Hypoglycemia
b) Hypercalcemia
c) Hepatic encephalopathy
d) Uremia
Answer: Hepatic encephalopathy
Rationale: Toxin accumulation, especially ammonia, in liver failure leads to
neuropsychiatric symptoms.
11. Which of the following is a hallmark of systemic inflammatory response syndrome
(SIRS)?
a) Bradycardia
b) Fever
c) Hypoglycemia
d) Hypertension
Answer: Fever
Rationale: SIRS is characterized by systemic inflammation, often causing fever, tachycardia,
tachypnea, and leukocytosis.
12. What type of hypersensitivity reaction is seen in anaphylaxis?
a) Type I
b) Type II
