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BCHM 4360 EXAM 2 NEWEST 2025/ 2026 ACTUAL
EXAM COMPLETE 200 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS)
|ALREADY GRADED A+||NEWEST EXAM!!!
What is the main function of phosphorylation with regards
to RNA processing? - ANSWER-phosphorylation recruits
the RNA-processing enzymes, such as those that add a
guanosine cap to the 5' end of the mRNA
Capping leads to phosphorylation of the ______ ______ in
the CTD heptad repeat, which casues the polymerase to
______ elongation. - ANSWER-second serine, resume
What happens if there is an error in transcription? -
ANSWER-The DNA-RNA duplex could be distorted,
causing stalling of the RNA Polymerase. The elongaton
complex can backtrack and transcription cleavage factors
can then chop off the 3' protruding RNA by enhancing the
endonuclease activity of RNA Polymerase, and
transcription can resume
What are two transcript cleavage factors in bacteria and
what is the transcript cleavage factor in eukaryotes? -
ANSWER-GreA and GreB, TFIIS
,2|Page
Within which region of RNA Polymerase do transcript
cleavage factors bind within? - ANSWER-funnel region
What is a proposed mechanism for how transcript
cleavage factors work? - ANSWER-Transcript cleavage
factors are thought to position a metal ion at the active
site, which activates a water molecule for hydrolysis of the
phosphodiester bond
How doe eukaryotes solve the problem of nucleosomes
hindering RNA Polymerase? - ANSWER-use histone
chaperones to remove nucleosomes ahead of RNA
Polymerase, and reassemble them behind the polymerase
What are the three main histone chaperones in
eukaryotes? - ANSWER-FACT (Facilitates Chromatin
Transcription), Asf1, and Spt6
Changes in supercoiling caused by the transcription
bubble could cause stalling of RNA Polymerase, and the
tension must be relieved by ______________. -
ANSWER-topoisomerases
In bacteria, DNA _______ removes the ________
supercoils and DNA ____________ I removes the
,3|Page
________ supercoils. - ANSWER-gyrase, positive,
topoisomerase, negative
What are the two main classes of bacterial terminators? -
ANSWER-Intrinsic and Rho-dependent
Intrinsic, or ______, terminators end transcription in the
_______ of any other factors - ANSWER-simple, absence
What are the two main features of bacterial intrinsic
terminators? - ANSWER-1. An inverted repeat sequence
that, when transcribed, forms a step-loop in the RNA.
2. A string of 8-10 angstrom residues. This pairs with the
transcribed poly-U in the transcription bubble (a weak,
unstable structure)
The weak base pairing in the transcription bubble is
thought to _______ transcription and the RNA hairpin is
thought to interact with the RNA Polymerase and help
____ the RNA ___ of the active site. - ANSWER-arrest,
pull, out
When entering into transcription termination, a lot of ___
residues must be present to have the temperature high
enough. - ANSWER-G-C
, 4|Page
In bacteria, certain genes need the ___ protein to
terminate transcription. - ANSWER-Rho
True or False: Rho-dependent genes have the hairpin and
poly-A structures that are found in intrinsic terminators. -
ANSWER-False, rho-dependent genes do not have these
structures
Rho is a _________ ATP-ase with a ____ structure. It
binds to ______ areas of RNA - ANSWER-hexameric,
ring, C-rich
In eukaryotes, intrinsic terminator sites are recognized by
which RNA Polymerase? - ANSWER-Pol III
Eukaryotic intrinsic terminators have a stretch of which
nucleotide? Also what is the function of this? - ANSWER-
As, which is thought to destabilize the DNA-RNA hybrid
the same way as bacterial intrinsic terminators
Termination for which RNA Polymerase requires additional
proteins? What are these proteins in yeast and mice? -
ANSWER-Pol I, DNA binding proteins such as Reb1p in
yeast and TTF1 in mice
BCHM 4360 EXAM 2 NEWEST 2025/ 2026 ACTUAL
EXAM COMPLETE 200 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS)
|ALREADY GRADED A+||NEWEST EXAM!!!
What is the main function of phosphorylation with regards
to RNA processing? - ANSWER-phosphorylation recruits
the RNA-processing enzymes, such as those that add a
guanosine cap to the 5' end of the mRNA
Capping leads to phosphorylation of the ______ ______ in
the CTD heptad repeat, which casues the polymerase to
______ elongation. - ANSWER-second serine, resume
What happens if there is an error in transcription? -
ANSWER-The DNA-RNA duplex could be distorted,
causing stalling of the RNA Polymerase. The elongaton
complex can backtrack and transcription cleavage factors
can then chop off the 3' protruding RNA by enhancing the
endonuclease activity of RNA Polymerase, and
transcription can resume
What are two transcript cleavage factors in bacteria and
what is the transcript cleavage factor in eukaryotes? -
ANSWER-GreA and GreB, TFIIS
,2|Page
Within which region of RNA Polymerase do transcript
cleavage factors bind within? - ANSWER-funnel region
What is a proposed mechanism for how transcript
cleavage factors work? - ANSWER-Transcript cleavage
factors are thought to position a metal ion at the active
site, which activates a water molecule for hydrolysis of the
phosphodiester bond
How doe eukaryotes solve the problem of nucleosomes
hindering RNA Polymerase? - ANSWER-use histone
chaperones to remove nucleosomes ahead of RNA
Polymerase, and reassemble them behind the polymerase
What are the three main histone chaperones in
eukaryotes? - ANSWER-FACT (Facilitates Chromatin
Transcription), Asf1, and Spt6
Changes in supercoiling caused by the transcription
bubble could cause stalling of RNA Polymerase, and the
tension must be relieved by ______________. -
ANSWER-topoisomerases
In bacteria, DNA _______ removes the ________
supercoils and DNA ____________ I removes the
,3|Page
________ supercoils. - ANSWER-gyrase, positive,
topoisomerase, negative
What are the two main classes of bacterial terminators? -
ANSWER-Intrinsic and Rho-dependent
Intrinsic, or ______, terminators end transcription in the
_______ of any other factors - ANSWER-simple, absence
What are the two main features of bacterial intrinsic
terminators? - ANSWER-1. An inverted repeat sequence
that, when transcribed, forms a step-loop in the RNA.
2. A string of 8-10 angstrom residues. This pairs with the
transcribed poly-U in the transcription bubble (a weak,
unstable structure)
The weak base pairing in the transcription bubble is
thought to _______ transcription and the RNA hairpin is
thought to interact with the RNA Polymerase and help
____ the RNA ___ of the active site. - ANSWER-arrest,
pull, out
When entering into transcription termination, a lot of ___
residues must be present to have the temperature high
enough. - ANSWER-G-C
, 4|Page
In bacteria, certain genes need the ___ protein to
terminate transcription. - ANSWER-Rho
True or False: Rho-dependent genes have the hairpin and
poly-A structures that are found in intrinsic terminators. -
ANSWER-False, rho-dependent genes do not have these
structures
Rho is a _________ ATP-ase with a ____ structure. It
binds to ______ areas of RNA - ANSWER-hexameric,
ring, C-rich
In eukaryotes, intrinsic terminator sites are recognized by
which RNA Polymerase? - ANSWER-Pol III
Eukaryotic intrinsic terminators have a stretch of which
nucleotide? Also what is the function of this? - ANSWER-
As, which is thought to destabilize the DNA-RNA hybrid
the same way as bacterial intrinsic terminators
Termination for which RNA Polymerase requires additional
proteins? What are these proteins in yeast and mice? -
ANSWER-Pol I, DNA binding proteins such as Reb1p in
yeast and TTF1 in mice
