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GeneticsEssentials:ConceptsandConnections5thEditionby
BenjaminA.Pierce




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,TABLEOFCONTENT

Chapter01:IntroductiontoGenetics ............................................................................................................................ 3
Chapter02:ChromosomesandCellularReproduction ................................................................................................ 15
Chapter03:BasicPrinciplesofHeredity..................................................................................................................... 32
Chapter04:ExtensionsandModificationsofBasicPrinciples...................................................................................... 59
Chapter05:Linkage,Recombination,andEukaryoticGeneMapping .......................................................................... 98
Chapter06:ChromosomeVariation ........................................................................................................................ 115
Chapter07:BacterialandViralGeneticSystems ....................................................................................................... 139
Chapter08DNA:TheChemicalNatureoftheGene ................................................................................................... 152
Chapter09:DNAReplicationandRecombination .................................................................................................... 181
Chapter10:FromDNAtoProteins:TranscriptionandRNAProcessing ...................................................................... 198
Chapter11:FromDNAtoProteins:Translation ........................................................................................................ 224
Chapter12:ControlofGeneExpression ................................................................................................................... 244
Chapter13:GeneMutations,TransposableElements,andDNARepair ...................................................................... 278
Chapter14:MolecularGeneticAnalysisandBiotechnology ..................................................................................... 298
Chapter15:GenomicsandProteomics ..................................................................................................................... 314
Chapter16:CancerGenetics ................................................................................................................................... 332
Chapter17:QuantitativeGenetics ........................................................................................................................... 346
Chapter18:PopulationandEvolutionaryGenetics ................................................................................................... 366

,Chapter01:IntroductiontoGenetics
1. Albinismisrareinmosthumanpopulations,occurringatafrequencyofabout1in20,000people.However,the trai
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toccurs at a frequencyof 1 in 200 incertain Hopivillagesof Black Mesain Arizona. Explainintermsofnatural select
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ionwhyalbinismissorareinmosthumanpopulations. ANSWER:Inmostpopulations,thereisfairlystrongselectionag ap




ainstalbinismbecausealbinosdon‘tproducemelanin,
causingtheirskincellsnottobeprotectedfromthedamagingeffectsofsunlight.Also,thelackofmelaninin
theireyescausesthemtohavepooreyesight.Finally,inmostculturesalbinosareseenasabnormal, andthey ap



arenotnormallysoughtoutformarriageandmating.Therefore,inmostpopulations theallelesthatcauseal ap



binismareselectedagainst,andtheydecreaseinfrequencyorarekeptatalow level, causingtherecessivet ap ap



raittoberare.

2. Albinism is rare inmost humanpopulations, occurring at afrequencyof about 1 in 20,000 people. However, the tr
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aitoccurs at a frequencyof 1 in 200 incertain Hopivillagesof Black Mesain Arizona. Explainintermsofnatural se
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lectionwhythetraitissomuchmorecommonamongtheHopisofBlackMesa.
ANSWER:Albinosoccupyaprivilegedpositionamongthe Hopisof Black Mesa. In thisculture, albinosareviewed ap ap ap ap ap ap ap



as especially pretty, clean, and intelligent, and they often occupy positions of leadership. Albinosare c
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elebratedinthevillagesasasignofpurityofHopibloodinthecommunity.
Furthermore,albinosareoftenexcusedfromnormalmalefieldlaborbecauseoftheirsensitivityto sunlig ap



ht,causingthemtobeleftbehindinthevillagewiththewomenduringthedaytime.Thisallows themextra ap



matingopportunitiescomparedtotheothermenofthevillage.Therefore,theallelesthatcause albinism ap



areeitherselectedforinthiscultureoratleastnotselectedagainstasstronglyasinothercultures, allowing ap



thetraittooccuratamuchhigherfrequency.

3. Whichoneofthefollowingpairingsbetweenthesubdisciplineofgeneticsandthephenomenonis
INCORRECT?
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a. evolution—populationgenetics
b. generegulation—moleculargenetics
c. allelicfrequencyalteration—populationgenetics
d. arrangementofgenesonchromosome—transmissiongenetics
e. chemicalnatureofthegene—transmissiongenetics
ANSWER:e

4. Whichoneofthefollowingtopicsofresearchbelongstothedisciplineoftransmissiongenetics?
a. inheritancepatternofgenealleles
b. mechanismofDNAreplication
c. geneexpressionpatterns
d. evolution
e. chemicalmodificationofnucleicacids
ANSWER:a

5. Thecompletegeneticmakeupofanorganismisreferredtoasits
a. chromosome.
b. alleles.
c. locus.

, d. genome.
e. phenotype.
ANSWER:d

6. IdentifyaTRUEstatementfromthefollowingdescriptionsconcerninggenetics.
a. Thetheoryofpangenesisstatesthatalllivingorganismsarecomposedofcells.
b. Bacteriaandviruses arenot useful instudyinggenesandinheritancebecausetheyare structurallyand m
ap ap ap ap ap



etabolicallydifferentfromeukaryoticcells.
c. CharlesDarwinaccuratelydescribedthelawsofinheritanceinhislandmarkbook,OntheOriginof
apSpecies.
d. Manyhumantraits,suchasskinandhaircolor,aredeterminedbymorethanasinglegene.
e. Evolutioncanoccurwithoutgeneticchangesinthepopulation.
ANSWER:d

7. IdentifyaFALSEstatementfromthefollowingdescriptionsofgenetics.
a. Humansfirstappliedgeneticstothedomesticationofplantsandanimalsbetweenapproximately
ap10,000and12,000yearsago.
b. SomevirusesuseRNAtocarrytheirgeneticinformation.
c. Albinismresultsfromamutation inthegenesthatcontrolthesynthesisandstorageofmelanin.
a p a p




d. Allhumantraitsthatdisplayblendinginheritance areaffected byasinglegene.
a p a p




e. Theprocessbywhichgeneticinformationiscopiedanddecodedissimilarforallformsoflife.
ANSWER:d

8. Whichofthefollowingspeciesisconsideredamodelgeneticorganism?
a. theplantLinariavulgaris
b. thedeermousePeromyscusmaniculatus
c. thewormCaenorhabditiselegans
d. thefrogHylachrysoscelis
e. thechimpanzeePantroglodytes
ANSWER:c
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9. WhichofthefollowingwouldservetheLEASTwellasamodelforunderstandingbasicmechanismsof
inheritance?
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a. fruitflies
b. humans
c. yeast
d. mice
e. zebrafish
ANSWER:b

10. WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?
a. Eachsubdisciplineofgeneticsisveryspecificasto what isexploredand does not overlap withthe
ap ap ap ap ap ap b