TEST BANK for Kuby Immunology with Covid-
5 5 5 5 5 5
19 & Digital Update, 8th Edition by Sharon Stranford; Judy
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Owen; Jenni Punt; Patricia Jones
5 5 5 5
Complete Chapters 1- 5 5
21| Verified Q&As for Exam Preparation| All Figures Include
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
d| A+ PASS GUARANTEED
5 5 5
, Chapter501
1. Two5of5the5main,5early5theories5proposed5to5explain5how5antigen-
specific5antibodies5develop5were5the5instructional5theory5and5the5selective5theory.5How5did5the5two5dif
fer?5Which5was5ultimately5shown5to5be5CORRECT?
CORRECT5ANSWER:5The5selective5theory5says5that,5when5an5antigen5receptor5binds5with5an5antigen,
5the5cell5becomes5activated5(or5the5cell5is5selected5to5proliferate5and5secrete5more5copies5of5the5receptor
).5The5instructional5theory5says5that5the5antigen5receptor5molds5itself5to5the5antigen.5The5selective5theor
y5was5shown5to5be5correct.
2. Often,5serendipity5plays5a5role5in5significant5scientific5discoveries.5In5your5own5words,5explain5h
ow5serendipity5led5Pasteur5to5discover5a5cholera5vaccine.
CORRECT5ANSWER:5Pasteur5developed5the5vaccine5in5chickens,5which5were5in5short5supply.5He5cha
llenged5groups5of5chickens5with5cholera5bacteria—
some5of5which5were5previously5exposed5to5an5attenuated5version5of5cholera5bacteria.5Only5the5previous
ly5exposed5animals5were5protected5from5a5new5challenge,5which5led5to5the5use5of5weakened5pathogens5
as5vaccines.
3. Despite5its5having5been5eradicated5on5a5global5scale,5smallpox5is5presently5considered5a5potent
ial5bioterrorism5threat.5Why?5Use5evidence5to5support5your5answer.
CORRECT5ANSWER:5After5eradication5was5achieved,5smallpox5vaccination5programs5largely5ended.5
As5populations5continued5to5grow5over5time,5an5ever-
increasing5percentage5of5the5human5population5remains5unvaccinated5and5thus,5is5still5susceptible5to5the
5disease.
4. Prior5to51999,5it5was5claimed5that5a5thimerosal5additive5in5vaccines5was5contributing5to5the5rising5i
ncidence5of5autism.5If5the5claims5were5true,5what5resultant5trend5might5you5expect5to5observe5in5the5r
ate5of5autism5once5thimerosal5was5removed5from5vaccines?
CORRECT5ANSWER:5One5would5reasonably5expect5a5decrease5in5the5rate5of5autism.5However,5cases5
of5autism5continued5to5rise5after5thimerosal5was5removed5from5vaccines5in52001.
5. Given5the5discovery5and5development5of5effective5antibiotics,5make5an5argument5for5the5continued5u
se5of5vaccines5against5bacterial5pathogens.5Use5evidence5to5support5your5answer.
CORRECT5ANSWER:5Antibiotics5are5used5for5treatment5of5disease,5not5typically5for5prevention.5Anti
biotic5treatment5is5not5foolproof5(considering5the5rising5incidence5of5antibiotic5resistance).5Vaccines5are
5a5preventative5measure,5and5prevention5is5the5gold5standard5for5infectious5disease5control5measures.
,6. You5have5a5friend5unfamiliar5with5immunology,5and5he5asks5you5the5following5question:5"Why5do5I5
need5the5flu5shot5every5year,5but5don't5need5an5annual5chickenpox5vaccine?"5As5a5student5of5immunolo
gy,5how5would5you5explain5this5discrepancy5to5your5friend?5Use5evidence5to5support5your5answer.
CORRECT5ANSWER:5The5virus5that5causes5the5flu5changes5every5year5-
5as5a5result,5a5new5flu5vaccine5must5be5prepared5each5year5based5on5a5predication5of5the5most5common
5forms5of5the5virus5likely5to5be5encountered.5Vaccines5are5specific5in5the5type5of5pathogen5against5whi
ch5they5protect,5and5protection5against5one5type5does5not5guarantee5protection5against5pathogens5that5ar
e5closely-related.
7. Provide5one5benefit5and5one5drawback5of5generating5random5recognition5receptors5during5t
he5development5of5B5cells.
CORRECT5ANSWER:5A5benefit5is5having5the5capacity5to5recognize5and5respond5to5diverse5pathogens5
as5they5evolve.5A5drawback5is5that5some5recognition5receptors5could5potentially5recognize5and5target5h
ost5antigens.
8. A5portion5of5our5immune5systems'5white5blood5cells5is5constantly5circulating5throughout5the5body5
via5circulation5and5lymphatics.5What5is5the5benefit5of5such5circulation?
CORRECT5ANSWER:5The5circulation5of5the5white5blood5cells5allows5for5a5more5comprehensive5surv
eillance5of5the5body5for5the5presence5of5potential5pathogens.5A5significant5portion5of5the5human5body5is
5constantly5exposed5to5potential5microbial5pathogens.
9. Complete5the5following5table5by5comparing5and5contrasting5innate5and5adaptive5immune5responses.
Innate5Immunity
Adaptive5Immunity
5Is5mediated5by5what5cells?
What5do5they5recognize?
How5are5the5receptors5encoded?
Why5can't5they5control5all5infections5alone?5W
hat5do5they5do5in5response5to5antigen?
, CORRECT5ANSWER:
Innate5Immunity Adaptive
5
Immunit
y
Macrophages,5NK5ce
Is5mediated5by T5cells5and5
lls,5neutrophils,5mast5
5what5cells? B5cells
cells5eosinophils
What5do5they Pathogen5patterns Specific
5recognize? 5
epitope
How5are5the s
Rearranged
receptors Germ5line
gene5segments
encoded?
Why5can't5they5
Pathogens5evolve5 Takes5too5long5
control5all5infect
escape5mechanisms to5develop
ions5alone?
What5do5they5do Produce5antib
Engulf5and5destroy,
5in5response5to5a odies,5kill5infe
5induce5inflammatio
ntigen? cted5cells
n
10. What5are5the5hallmarks5of5inflammation?5Describe5the5physical5characteristics5of5someo
ne5experiencing5an5inflammatory5response.
CORRECT5ANSWER:5Redness,5swelling,5heat,5pain.5Someone5experiencing5inflammation5might5have5
localized5swelling5and5redness5or5itching5or5may5be5experiencing5faintness5due5to5a5lowering5of5blood5
pressure5if5more5severe.
11. Upon5receiving5immune5serum5as5a5treatment5for5a5venomous5snake5bite,5would5the5recipient5
be5immune5from5future5bites5of5the5same5species?
CORRECT5ANSWER:5In5the5short-
term,5probably,5as5the5serum5contains5protective5antibodies5against5the5venom.5In5the5long-
term,5no,5as5serum5treatment5is5a5form5of5passive5immunity.5Passive5immunity5does5not5generate5long
-lived5memory5cells.
12. Provide5one5common5feature5of5and5two5differences5between5B-cell5receptors5and5PRRs.
CORRECT5ANSWER:5A5common5feature5is5that5they5both5are5used5to5recognize5foreign5antigens.5A5
B-
5cell5receptor5is5more5selective5than5a5PRR.5The5DNA5that5encodes5for5a5PRR5in5an5individual5is5inheri
ted.5The5DNA5that5encodes5for5a5mature5B-
cell5receptor5from5an5individual5is5not5passed5on5to5offspring.
5 5 5 5 5 5
19 & Digital Update, 8th Edition by Sharon Stranford; Judy
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Owen; Jenni Punt; Patricia Jones
5 5 5 5
Complete Chapters 1- 5 5
21| Verified Q&As for Exam Preparation| All Figures Include
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
d| A+ PASS GUARANTEED
5 5 5
, Chapter501
1. Two5of5the5main,5early5theories5proposed5to5explain5how5antigen-
specific5antibodies5develop5were5the5instructional5theory5and5the5selective5theory.5How5did5the5two5dif
fer?5Which5was5ultimately5shown5to5be5CORRECT?
CORRECT5ANSWER:5The5selective5theory5says5that,5when5an5antigen5receptor5binds5with5an5antigen,
5the5cell5becomes5activated5(or5the5cell5is5selected5to5proliferate5and5secrete5more5copies5of5the5receptor
).5The5instructional5theory5says5that5the5antigen5receptor5molds5itself5to5the5antigen.5The5selective5theor
y5was5shown5to5be5correct.
2. Often,5serendipity5plays5a5role5in5significant5scientific5discoveries.5In5your5own5words,5explain5h
ow5serendipity5led5Pasteur5to5discover5a5cholera5vaccine.
CORRECT5ANSWER:5Pasteur5developed5the5vaccine5in5chickens,5which5were5in5short5supply.5He5cha
llenged5groups5of5chickens5with5cholera5bacteria—
some5of5which5were5previously5exposed5to5an5attenuated5version5of5cholera5bacteria.5Only5the5previous
ly5exposed5animals5were5protected5from5a5new5challenge,5which5led5to5the5use5of5weakened5pathogens5
as5vaccines.
3. Despite5its5having5been5eradicated5on5a5global5scale,5smallpox5is5presently5considered5a5potent
ial5bioterrorism5threat.5Why?5Use5evidence5to5support5your5answer.
CORRECT5ANSWER:5After5eradication5was5achieved,5smallpox5vaccination5programs5largely5ended.5
As5populations5continued5to5grow5over5time,5an5ever-
increasing5percentage5of5the5human5population5remains5unvaccinated5and5thus,5is5still5susceptible5to5the
5disease.
4. Prior5to51999,5it5was5claimed5that5a5thimerosal5additive5in5vaccines5was5contributing5to5the5rising5i
ncidence5of5autism.5If5the5claims5were5true,5what5resultant5trend5might5you5expect5to5observe5in5the5r
ate5of5autism5once5thimerosal5was5removed5from5vaccines?
CORRECT5ANSWER:5One5would5reasonably5expect5a5decrease5in5the5rate5of5autism.5However,5cases5
of5autism5continued5to5rise5after5thimerosal5was5removed5from5vaccines5in52001.
5. Given5the5discovery5and5development5of5effective5antibiotics,5make5an5argument5for5the5continued5u
se5of5vaccines5against5bacterial5pathogens.5Use5evidence5to5support5your5answer.
CORRECT5ANSWER:5Antibiotics5are5used5for5treatment5of5disease,5not5typically5for5prevention.5Anti
biotic5treatment5is5not5foolproof5(considering5the5rising5incidence5of5antibiotic5resistance).5Vaccines5are
5a5preventative5measure,5and5prevention5is5the5gold5standard5for5infectious5disease5control5measures.
,6. You5have5a5friend5unfamiliar5with5immunology,5and5he5asks5you5the5following5question:5"Why5do5I5
need5the5flu5shot5every5year,5but5don't5need5an5annual5chickenpox5vaccine?"5As5a5student5of5immunolo
gy,5how5would5you5explain5this5discrepancy5to5your5friend?5Use5evidence5to5support5your5answer.
CORRECT5ANSWER:5The5virus5that5causes5the5flu5changes5every5year5-
5as5a5result,5a5new5flu5vaccine5must5be5prepared5each5year5based5on5a5predication5of5the5most5common
5forms5of5the5virus5likely5to5be5encountered.5Vaccines5are5specific5in5the5type5of5pathogen5against5whi
ch5they5protect,5and5protection5against5one5type5does5not5guarantee5protection5against5pathogens5that5ar
e5closely-related.
7. Provide5one5benefit5and5one5drawback5of5generating5random5recognition5receptors5during5t
he5development5of5B5cells.
CORRECT5ANSWER:5A5benefit5is5having5the5capacity5to5recognize5and5respond5to5diverse5pathogens5
as5they5evolve.5A5drawback5is5that5some5recognition5receptors5could5potentially5recognize5and5target5h
ost5antigens.
8. A5portion5of5our5immune5systems'5white5blood5cells5is5constantly5circulating5throughout5the5body5
via5circulation5and5lymphatics.5What5is5the5benefit5of5such5circulation?
CORRECT5ANSWER:5The5circulation5of5the5white5blood5cells5allows5for5a5more5comprehensive5surv
eillance5of5the5body5for5the5presence5of5potential5pathogens.5A5significant5portion5of5the5human5body5is
5constantly5exposed5to5potential5microbial5pathogens.
9. Complete5the5following5table5by5comparing5and5contrasting5innate5and5adaptive5immune5responses.
Innate5Immunity
Adaptive5Immunity
5Is5mediated5by5what5cells?
What5do5they5recognize?
How5are5the5receptors5encoded?
Why5can't5they5control5all5infections5alone?5W
hat5do5they5do5in5response5to5antigen?
, CORRECT5ANSWER:
Innate5Immunity Adaptive
5
Immunit
y
Macrophages,5NK5ce
Is5mediated5by T5cells5and5
lls,5neutrophils,5mast5
5what5cells? B5cells
cells5eosinophils
What5do5they Pathogen5patterns Specific
5recognize? 5
epitope
How5are5the s
Rearranged
receptors Germ5line
gene5segments
encoded?
Why5can't5they5
Pathogens5evolve5 Takes5too5long5
control5all5infect
escape5mechanisms to5develop
ions5alone?
What5do5they5do Produce5antib
Engulf5and5destroy,
5in5response5to5a odies,5kill5infe
5induce5inflammatio
ntigen? cted5cells
n
10. What5are5the5hallmarks5of5inflammation?5Describe5the5physical5characteristics5of5someo
ne5experiencing5an5inflammatory5response.
CORRECT5ANSWER:5Redness,5swelling,5heat,5pain.5Someone5experiencing5inflammation5might5have5
localized5swelling5and5redness5or5itching5or5may5be5experiencing5faintness5due5to5a5lowering5of5blood5
pressure5if5more5severe.
11. Upon5receiving5immune5serum5as5a5treatment5for5a5venomous5snake5bite,5would5the5recipient5
be5immune5from5future5bites5of5the5same5species?
CORRECT5ANSWER:5In5the5short-
term,5probably,5as5the5serum5contains5protective5antibodies5against5the5venom.5In5the5long-
term,5no,5as5serum5treatment5is5a5form5of5passive5immunity.5Passive5immunity5does5not5generate5long
-lived5memory5cells.
12. Provide5one5common5feature5of5and5two5differences5between5B-cell5receptors5and5PRRs.
CORRECT5ANSWER:5A5common5feature5is5that5they5both5are5used5to5recognize5foreign5antigens.5A5
B-
5cell5receptor5is5more5selective5than5a5PRR.5The5DNA5that5encodes5for5a5PRR5in5an5individual5is5inheri
ted.5The5DNA5that5encodes5for5a5mature5B-
cell5receptor5from5an5individual5is5not5passed5on5to5offspring.
