Maryville NURS 611 Exam 1 2025/2026
Exam Questions with 100% Correct
Answers | Latest Update
Nucleus - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔DNA and RNA are housed here. Contains all
genetic material.
Ribosomes - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Responsible for protein synthesis
Mitochondria - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Produces ATP. This structure generates
ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. Cells power plant. The more a cell
needs energy the more it will need this. The heart would need more of this
than the eyes, bones, or skin.
Golgi apparatus - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Responsible for packaging and
distribution. Processes and packages proteins for delivery. Shipping and
receiving center. Receives newly synthesized proteins and lipids from the
ER. Modified with sugar molecules for their destination. Then sends them
on their way.
,Lysosome - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Degrades and recycles waste. Contains
digestive enzymes. Does this with hydrolase enzymes
Peroxisome - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Has a byproduct of H2O2 which produces
Free Radicals. Can detoxify compounds and fatty acids. (Think peroxide)
they break things down using oxygen. Byproduct is H2O2 (hydrogen
peroxide). Digest and breakdown organic molecules - uses molecular
oxygen.
Free Radical - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Any molecular species capable of
independent existence that contains a single unpaired electron in an outer
orbit. Having one unpaired electron makes the molecule unstable; the
molecule becomes stabilized either by donating or by accepting an electron
from another molecule.
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Chemically reactive
molecules from molecular oxygen formed as natural oxidant species in
cells during mitochondrial respiration and energy generation.
Damage by free radicals/ROS - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔When excessive ROSs
overwhelm the endogenous antioxidant systems, oxidative stress occurs. A
,very large excess of ROS tends to cause necrosis, but smaller excess of
ROS can cause apoptosis.
Free radicals can cause lipid peroxidation or the destruction of unsaturated
fatty acid, alterations of proteins, and alterations in DNA
What is the plasma membrane made up of? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Lipids,
proteins, and polysaccharides
Why do we need a cell membrane? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔To keep the ICF and
ECF separate, structure, protection, activation of cell, transport, and cell-to-
cell interaction
How is osmolality different between ICF and ECF? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔The
osmolality of ICF and ECF tends to equalize and therefore provides a
measure of body fluid concentration and thus the body's hydration status.
What do proteins do for the cell? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Proteins act as
Recognition and binding units (receptors) for substances moving in and out
of the cell;
Pores or transport channels for various electrically charged particles called
ions or electrolytes and specific carriers for amino acids and
monosaccharides;
COPYRIGHT©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
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, Specific enzymes that drive active pumps that promote concentration of
certain ions, particularly potassium (K+), within the cell while keeping
concentrations of other ions, for example sodium (Na+), below
concentrations found in the extracellular environment;
Cell surface markers, such as glycoproteins (proteins attached to
carbohydrates), that identify a cell to its neighbor;
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), or proteins that allow cells to hook
together and form attachments to the cytoskeleton for maintaining cellular
shape; and
Catalysts of chemical reactions, for example, conversion of lactose to
glucose.
How much of the cell membrane is made up of protein? - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔55% the cell membrane is made up of protein
What is a protein? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔A protein is made from a chain of
amino acids, known as polypeptides. There are 20 types of amino acids in
proteins, and each type of protein has a unique sequence of amino acids.
Proteins are the major workhorses of the cell.
Exam Questions with 100% Correct
Answers | Latest Update
Nucleus - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔DNA and RNA are housed here. Contains all
genetic material.
Ribosomes - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Responsible for protein synthesis
Mitochondria - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Produces ATP. This structure generates
ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. Cells power plant. The more a cell
needs energy the more it will need this. The heart would need more of this
than the eyes, bones, or skin.
Golgi apparatus - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Responsible for packaging and
distribution. Processes and packages proteins for delivery. Shipping and
receiving center. Receives newly synthesized proteins and lipids from the
ER. Modified with sugar molecules for their destination. Then sends them
on their way.
,Lysosome - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Degrades and recycles waste. Contains
digestive enzymes. Does this with hydrolase enzymes
Peroxisome - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Has a byproduct of H2O2 which produces
Free Radicals. Can detoxify compounds and fatty acids. (Think peroxide)
they break things down using oxygen. Byproduct is H2O2 (hydrogen
peroxide). Digest and breakdown organic molecules - uses molecular
oxygen.
Free Radical - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Any molecular species capable of
independent existence that contains a single unpaired electron in an outer
orbit. Having one unpaired electron makes the molecule unstable; the
molecule becomes stabilized either by donating or by accepting an electron
from another molecule.
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Chemically reactive
molecules from molecular oxygen formed as natural oxidant species in
cells during mitochondrial respiration and energy generation.
Damage by free radicals/ROS - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔When excessive ROSs
overwhelm the endogenous antioxidant systems, oxidative stress occurs. A
,very large excess of ROS tends to cause necrosis, but smaller excess of
ROS can cause apoptosis.
Free radicals can cause lipid peroxidation or the destruction of unsaturated
fatty acid, alterations of proteins, and alterations in DNA
What is the plasma membrane made up of? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Lipids,
proteins, and polysaccharides
Why do we need a cell membrane? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔To keep the ICF and
ECF separate, structure, protection, activation of cell, transport, and cell-to-
cell interaction
How is osmolality different between ICF and ECF? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔The
osmolality of ICF and ECF tends to equalize and therefore provides a
measure of body fluid concentration and thus the body's hydration status.
What do proteins do for the cell? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Proteins act as
Recognition and binding units (receptors) for substances moving in and out
of the cell;
Pores or transport channels for various electrically charged particles called
ions or electrolytes and specific carriers for amino acids and
monosaccharides;
COPYRIGHT©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
3
, Specific enzymes that drive active pumps that promote concentration of
certain ions, particularly potassium (K+), within the cell while keeping
concentrations of other ions, for example sodium (Na+), below
concentrations found in the extracellular environment;
Cell surface markers, such as glycoproteins (proteins attached to
carbohydrates), that identify a cell to its neighbor;
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), or proteins that allow cells to hook
together and form attachments to the cytoskeleton for maintaining cellular
shape; and
Catalysts of chemical reactions, for example, conversion of lactose to
glucose.
How much of the cell membrane is made up of protein? - 🧠 ANSWER
✔✔55% the cell membrane is made up of protein
What is a protein? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔A protein is made from a chain of
amino acids, known as polypeptides. There are 20 types of amino acids in
proteins, and each type of protein has a unique sequence of amino acids.
Proteins are the major workhorses of the cell.
