NR-601: Primary Care of the Maturing & Aged Family
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Answers | Final Exam Guide
FOR 2025/2026 (the most recent quizzes)
NR601 Midterm
What are the 3 primary physiological changes of aging?
1. Reduced physiological reserve of most body systems, esp. cardiac, resp, renal.
2. Reduced homeostatic mechanisms that fail to adjust regulatory systems (i.e. temp control,
fluid/lyte balance, etc.).
3. Impaired immunological function (infection risk is greater, autoimmune dz's more prevalent)
What is the preferred amount of exercise for elderly?
30min/day 5 days/wk of moderate exercise.
If trying to lose wt: 60min/day.
What are PFTs?
Group of tests that provide quantifiable measurement of lung function, used to dx resp
abnormalities or assess progression/resolution of lung dz.
What is FEV1?
Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (80-120%)
What is FVC?
Forced Vital Capacity (80-120%)
What is normal FEV1/FVC ratio?
,<0.7 (70%)
What is GOLD 1 criteria?
Mild
FEV1 >/= 80% predicted
What is GOLD 2 criteria?
Moderate
FEV1 50-79% predicted
What is GOLD 3 criteria?
Severe
FEV1 30-49% predicted
What is GOLD 4 criteria?
Very severe
FEV1 <30% predicted
What are the signal symptoms of COPD?
Dyspnea
Chronic cough w/sputum
Decreased activity tolerance
Wheezing
What are characteristics of COPD?
,Common, preventable, treatable.
Characterized by persistent airflow limitation.
Usually progressive, associated with enhanced chronic inflammatory response in airways and
lungs to noxious particles/gases
Airway fibrosis, luminal plugs, airway inflammation, increased airway resistance, small airway
dz.
Decreased elastic recoil of alveoli.
What are risk factors for COPD?
Smoking (increasing w/number of pack years)
Second hand smoke
Environmental pollution (endotoxins, coal dust, mineral dust)
What is seen on phys exam in COPD?
May be normal in early states
As severity progresses: lung hyperinflation, decreased breath sounds, wheezes at bases, distant
heart tones (b/c of hyperinflation, so S1/S2 sounds off in distance), accessory muscle use, pursed
lip breathing, increased expiratory phase, neck vein distention.
How is COPD diagnosed?
, Spirometry is gold standard (pre and post bronchodilator).
Irreversible airflow limitation is hallmark.
How is COPD treated?
Bronchodilators: beta agonists (long/short), anticholinergics (long/short), or combo.
What is the MOA of beta agonists?
Stimulates beta-2-adrenergic receptors, increasing cyclic AMP, resulting in relaxing airways.
What is the MOA of anticholinergics?
Block the effect of acetylcholine on muscarinic type 3 receptors, resulting in bronchodilation.
Why are long-acting beta agonists prescribed for COPD?
They are for moderate airflow limitation.
They relieve symptoms, increase exercise tolerance, reduce number of exacerbations, improve
QOL.
What are some non pulmonary diagnoses that result in COPD-type symptoms?
CHF
Hyperventilation syndrome
Panic attacks
Vocal cord dysfunction
Obstructive sleep apnea
Aspergillosis
Chronic fatigue syndrome
Practicum Test bank | Verified Practice Questions with A+
Answers | Final Exam Guide
FOR 2025/2026 (the most recent quizzes)
NR601 Midterm
What are the 3 primary physiological changes of aging?
1. Reduced physiological reserve of most body systems, esp. cardiac, resp, renal.
2. Reduced homeostatic mechanisms that fail to adjust regulatory systems (i.e. temp control,
fluid/lyte balance, etc.).
3. Impaired immunological function (infection risk is greater, autoimmune dz's more prevalent)
What is the preferred amount of exercise for elderly?
30min/day 5 days/wk of moderate exercise.
If trying to lose wt: 60min/day.
What are PFTs?
Group of tests that provide quantifiable measurement of lung function, used to dx resp
abnormalities or assess progression/resolution of lung dz.
What is FEV1?
Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (80-120%)
What is FVC?
Forced Vital Capacity (80-120%)
What is normal FEV1/FVC ratio?
,<0.7 (70%)
What is GOLD 1 criteria?
Mild
FEV1 >/= 80% predicted
What is GOLD 2 criteria?
Moderate
FEV1 50-79% predicted
What is GOLD 3 criteria?
Severe
FEV1 30-49% predicted
What is GOLD 4 criteria?
Very severe
FEV1 <30% predicted
What are the signal symptoms of COPD?
Dyspnea
Chronic cough w/sputum
Decreased activity tolerance
Wheezing
What are characteristics of COPD?
,Common, preventable, treatable.
Characterized by persistent airflow limitation.
Usually progressive, associated with enhanced chronic inflammatory response in airways and
lungs to noxious particles/gases
Airway fibrosis, luminal plugs, airway inflammation, increased airway resistance, small airway
dz.
Decreased elastic recoil of alveoli.
What are risk factors for COPD?
Smoking (increasing w/number of pack years)
Second hand smoke
Environmental pollution (endotoxins, coal dust, mineral dust)
What is seen on phys exam in COPD?
May be normal in early states
As severity progresses: lung hyperinflation, decreased breath sounds, wheezes at bases, distant
heart tones (b/c of hyperinflation, so S1/S2 sounds off in distance), accessory muscle use, pursed
lip breathing, increased expiratory phase, neck vein distention.
How is COPD diagnosed?
, Spirometry is gold standard (pre and post bronchodilator).
Irreversible airflow limitation is hallmark.
How is COPD treated?
Bronchodilators: beta agonists (long/short), anticholinergics (long/short), or combo.
What is the MOA of beta agonists?
Stimulates beta-2-adrenergic receptors, increasing cyclic AMP, resulting in relaxing airways.
What is the MOA of anticholinergics?
Block the effect of acetylcholine on muscarinic type 3 receptors, resulting in bronchodilation.
Why are long-acting beta agonists prescribed for COPD?
They are for moderate airflow limitation.
They relieve symptoms, increase exercise tolerance, reduce number of exacerbations, improve
QOL.
What are some non pulmonary diagnoses that result in COPD-type symptoms?
CHF
Hyperventilation syndrome
Panic attacks
Vocal cord dysfunction
Obstructive sleep apnea
Aspergillosis
Chronic fatigue syndrome
