Nursing 150 Final Exam (120+ Questions) – Cardiac Labs, Hypertension, Antilipidemics, Stroke, Diabetes Types, Endocrine Disorders, Electrolytes & Pharmacology

This final exam document includes 120+ clinically relevant, exam-validated questions and answers for Nursing 150 – Foundations in Pathophysiology & Pharmacology, built for the 2025/2026 academic year at the University of Nursing Sciences. It is a full-spectrum resource ideal for mastering complex systems such as cardiac, vascular, endocrine, and metabolic functions, along with in-depth coverage of lab interpretation, pharmacology, and nursing interventions for NCLEX success. Key Content Areas: Cardiac & Vascular: Hypertension: staging, complications (MI, CVA, renal damage), medication classes (ACE, ARBs, beta-blockers, CCBs, diuretics), patient teaching Cholesterol & Atherosclerosis: total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglyceride goals, and risk reduction strategies Antilipidemic medications: statins, PCSK9 inhibitors, niacin, fibrates, bile acid sequestrants – with side effects and contraindications Stroke (CVA): types (ischemic vs hemorrhagic), FAST assessment, thrombolytics, post-stroke rehab and nursing care Endocrine Disorders: Diabetes Mellitus: types 1 & 2, insulin vs oral hypoglycemics, DKA vs HHS, symptoms, lab values (A1C, fasting glucose), and lifestyle modifications Insulin pharmacology: onset/peak/duration of Lispro, Regular, NPH, Glargine Oral agents: Metformin, sulfonylureas, DPP-4 inhibitors, SGLT2 inhibitors, GLP-1 agonists, TZDs – with mechanisms and adverse effects Thyroid disorders: Hypothyroidism (Levothyroxine), Hyperthyroidism (Methimazole, radioactive iodine), goiter, T3/T4/TSH levels Adrenal disorders: Addison’s disease and Cushing’s syndrome – signs/symptoms, steroid therapy, lab findings (cortisol, sodium, potassium) Electrolytes & Labs: Critical values and interpretation of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, phosphate Hematologic labs: RBC, Hgb, Hct, WBC, Platelets Metabolic markers: BUN, creatinine, glucose, A1C Hormonal panels: TSH, cortisol, ACTH Lab preparation and medication timing considerations (e.g., hold metformin for contrast) Medication & Safety: 6 Rights of Medication Administration, high-alert drugs, black box warnings Adverse drug reactions, patient education, food-drug interactions Special considerations for elderly, renal/hepatic impaired patients Injection types, insulin mixing, signs of hypo/hyperglycemia This document merges pathophysiology, lab interpretation, pharmacologic safety, and nursing application into a single, easy-to-navigate study guide—ideal for final exam mastery and clinical decision-making preparation. Courses this document may concern: Nursing 150: Pathophysiology & Pharmacology Fundamentals of Nursing Endocrine & Cardiovascular Nursing NCLEX-RN Review Advanced Med-Surg Nursing Students this document may benefit: BSN and ADN nursing students Practical Nursing (LPN/LVN) students NCLEX-RN, ATI, or HESI candidates International nursing students focused on U.S. pharmacology and lab interpretation Keywords: hypertension meds, statins, stroke assessment, thrombolytics, insulin types, metformin, DPP-4 inhibitors, GLP-1, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, methimazole, adrenal disorders, Addison’s disease, Cushing’s syndrome, A1C levels, sodium potassium balance, electrolyte interpretation, cardiovascular pharmacology, nursing final exam, Nursing 150, NCLEX pathophysiology, lab value review, endocrine medications, oral hypoglycemics, patient teaching, med safety