Nursing 150 Exam 2 (100+ Questions) – Multiple Sclerosis, Alzheimer’s Disease, Hypertension, Cardiovascular Risk, Antilipidemics, ACE/ARBs, Beta Blockers & Neuro/Cardiac Pharmacology

This comprehensive exam document features 100+ expertly answered questions for Nursing 150 – Pathophysiology and Pharmacology Foundations, aligned with the 2025/2026 curriculum at the University of Nursing Sciences. It provides a strong foundation in neurological and cardiovascular disease processes, diagnostic tools, risk factors, and nursing pharmacology, making it ideal for exams, clinical preparation, and licensure reviews. The neurological section includes: Multiple Sclerosis (MS): causes, risk factors (Epstein-Barr, Vitamin D, genetics), symptomology (MS hug, ataxia, diplopia), exacerbation triggers, CIS, and progressive forms MS Medications: Interferons (Avonex, Betaseron), corticosteroids (Prednisone), side effects (Cushing syndrome, hyperglycemia, infection risk) Dementia types: Alzheimer’s (most common), Vascular, Lewy body, Frontotemporal, and Pick’s Alzheimer’s stages: Early (4 years), Middle (2–3 years), Late (bedridden), including hallmark symptoms (sundowning, wandering, visuospatial deficits) AD Medications: Cholinesterase inhibitors (Donepezil, Galantamine), NMDA antagonists (Memantine), and adjunctive psychiatric meds The cardiovascular and hypertension sections provide: Arteriosclerosis and Atherosclerosis: causes, modifiable vs. non-modifiable risk factors, diagnostic testing (cholesterol panels), and lab monitoring Antilipidemics: Statins (Atorvastatin, Rosuvastatin) PCSK9 inhibitors (Alirocumab, Evolocumab) Bile acid sequestrants (Cholestyramine) Fibrates (Fenofibrate, Gemfibrozil) Niacin and Ezetimibe Adverse effects: muscle pain, liver toxicity, flushing, bloating Hypertension (HTN): staging (elevated, Stage 1, Stage 2, hypertensive crisis), diagnosis (BP monitoring, EKG, cardiac cath), and complications (stroke, MI, kidney failure) HTN Management: lifestyle (DASH diet, aerobic exercise, alcohol/smoking cessation), patient teaching, orthostatic hypotension HTN Medications (ABCDE): ACE inhibitors (Lisinopril, Enalapril) ARBs (Losartan, Valsartan) Beta blockers (Propranolol, Metoprolol) Calcium channel blockers (Amlodipine, Diltiazem) Diuretics (Loop – Furosemide, Thiazide – HCTZ, K+ Sparing – Spironolactone) Vasodilators (Hydralazine), Renin inhibitors (Aliskiren), Antiplatelets (Aspirin, Clopidogrel), and supplements (Fish oil, CoQ10) Other CV Meds: Digoxin, Amiodarone, Nitroglycerine, Isosorbide, Rivaroxaban, Apixaban This document supports mastery of chronic neurological and cardiac disease processes, pharmacodynamics, and NCLEX-style critical thinking, serving as an excellent resource for exam prep and clinical readiness. Courses this document may concern: Nursing 150: Pathophysiology & Pharmacology Fundamentals of Nursing Neurological & Cardiovascular Nursing Medical-Surgical Nursing Pharmacology for Nurses Students this document may benefit: BSN and ADN nursing students Practical Nursing (LPN/LVN) students NCLEX-RN, ATI, or HESI candidates International students studying U.S. nursing curriculum Keywords: multiple sclerosis, MS flares, interferons, prednisone, Cushing syndrome, Alzheimer’s disease, dementia stages, cholinesterase inhibitors, memantine, arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, lipid profile, statins, PCSK9 inhibitors, fibrates, niacin, ezetimibe, hypertension, HTN staging, DASH diet, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, spironolactone, digoxin, nitroglycerine, rivaroxaban, nursing pharmacology, Nursing 150 exam, NCLEX prep