,Table of Contents – Chapters
1. Introduction to Pathophysiology
2. Cellular Biology
3. Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology
4. Genes and Genetic Diseases
5. Epigenetics and Disease
6. Genes, Environment, and Common Diseases
7. Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases
8. Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing
9. Adaptive Immunity
10. Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation
11. Stress and Disease
12. Biology of Cancer
13. Cancer Epidemiology
14. Cancer in Children
15. Structure and Function of the Neurologic System
16. Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function
17. Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function
18. Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular Junction
19. Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders
20. Structure and Function of the Hematologic System
21. Alterations of Hematologic Function
22. Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children
23. Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
24. Alterations of Cardiovascular Function
25. Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children
26. Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System
27. Alterations of Pulmonary Function
28. Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children
29. Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems
30. Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function
31. Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children
32. Structure and Function of the Digestive System
33. Alterations of Digestive Function
34. Alterations of Digestive Function in Children
35. Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems
36. Alterations of the Reproductive Systems
37. Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System
38. Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function
39. Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children
40. Structure and Function of the Integumentary System
41. Alterations of the Integument in Children
, Understanding Pathophysiology 7th edition by Huether, McCance Test Bank
Chapter 1. Cellular Biology
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1.
Which cellular organelle is primarily responsible for detoxification of harmful substances and lipid
metabolism?
A. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
B. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
C. Golgi apparatus
D. Lysosome
Answer: B
Rationale: The smooth ER detoxifies drugs and toxins and synthesizes lipids/steroids. Rough ER
synthesizes proteins, the Golgi packages proteins, and lysosomes digest waste.
2.
Which best explains why mitochondrial DNA is inherited almost exclusively from the mother?
A. Maternal chromosomes suppress paternal mitochondria
B. Sperm mitochondria are destroyed after fertilization
C. Paternal mitochondria fail to replicate
D. Paternal mitochondria migrate into the polar body
Answer: B
Rationale: Sperm mitochondria enter the oocyte but are actively degraded after fertilization, leaving
maternal mitochondria as the sole source of mitochondrial DNA.
3.
The sodium–potassium ATPase pump functions to:
A. Transport sodium into the cell and potassium out
B. Transport sodium out of the cell and potassium in
C. Move both ions into the cell
D. Move both ions out of the cell
Answer: B
, Rationale: The Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase actively expels 3 sodium ions and imports 2 potassium ions against their
gradients, maintaining resting membrane potential.
4.
Why does impaired oxidative phosphorylation result in cellular swelling?
A. Accumulation of lactic acid
B. Loss of ATP-dependent ion pumping
C. Overproduction of free radicals
D. Depletion of calcium stores
Answer: B
Rationale: Lack of ATP disables Na⁺/K⁺ pumps, leading to sodium and water influx → cell swelling. Free
radicals and lactic acid also occur, but swelling is directly from pump failure.
5.
Which best describes amphipathic lipids in the plasma membrane?
A. Hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads
B. Lipids soluble in both cytoplasm and extracellular fluid
C. Proteins bound to phospholipid bilayers
D. Lipids that allow endocytosis
Answer: A
Rationale: Phospholipids are amphipathic: polar (hydrophilic) heads face water, nonpolar (hydrophobic)
tails face inward, creating a semipermeable barrier.
6.
A patient has a mutation that disrupts connexin proteins. Which type of cell-to-cell communication is
primarily impaired?
A. Tight junctions
B. Gap junctions
C. Desmosomes
D. Paracrine signaling
Answer: B
Rationale: Connexins form gap junctions, allowing ions and small molecules to pass directly between cells.
Tight junctions seal cells; desmosomes provide mechanical strength.
7.
Which phase of cellular metabolism yields the most ATP?
A. Glycolysis
1. Introduction to Pathophysiology
2. Cellular Biology
3. Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology
4. Genes and Genetic Diseases
5. Epigenetics and Disease
6. Genes, Environment, and Common Diseases
7. Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases
8. Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing
9. Adaptive Immunity
10. Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation
11. Stress and Disease
12. Biology of Cancer
13. Cancer Epidemiology
14. Cancer in Children
15. Structure and Function of the Neurologic System
16. Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function
17. Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function
18. Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular Junction
19. Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders
20. Structure and Function of the Hematologic System
21. Alterations of Hematologic Function
22. Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children
23. Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
24. Alterations of Cardiovascular Function
25. Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children
26. Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System
27. Alterations of Pulmonary Function
28. Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children
29. Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems
30. Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function
31. Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children
32. Structure and Function of the Digestive System
33. Alterations of Digestive Function
34. Alterations of Digestive Function in Children
35. Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems
36. Alterations of the Reproductive Systems
37. Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System
38. Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function
39. Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children
40. Structure and Function of the Integumentary System
41. Alterations of the Integument in Children
, Understanding Pathophysiology 7th edition by Huether, McCance Test Bank
Chapter 1. Cellular Biology
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1.
Which cellular organelle is primarily responsible for detoxification of harmful substances and lipid
metabolism?
A. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
B. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
C. Golgi apparatus
D. Lysosome
Answer: B
Rationale: The smooth ER detoxifies drugs and toxins and synthesizes lipids/steroids. Rough ER
synthesizes proteins, the Golgi packages proteins, and lysosomes digest waste.
2.
Which best explains why mitochondrial DNA is inherited almost exclusively from the mother?
A. Maternal chromosomes suppress paternal mitochondria
B. Sperm mitochondria are destroyed after fertilization
C. Paternal mitochondria fail to replicate
D. Paternal mitochondria migrate into the polar body
Answer: B
Rationale: Sperm mitochondria enter the oocyte but are actively degraded after fertilization, leaving
maternal mitochondria as the sole source of mitochondrial DNA.
3.
The sodium–potassium ATPase pump functions to:
A. Transport sodium into the cell and potassium out
B. Transport sodium out of the cell and potassium in
C. Move both ions into the cell
D. Move both ions out of the cell
Answer: B
, Rationale: The Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase actively expels 3 sodium ions and imports 2 potassium ions against their
gradients, maintaining resting membrane potential.
4.
Why does impaired oxidative phosphorylation result in cellular swelling?
A. Accumulation of lactic acid
B. Loss of ATP-dependent ion pumping
C. Overproduction of free radicals
D. Depletion of calcium stores
Answer: B
Rationale: Lack of ATP disables Na⁺/K⁺ pumps, leading to sodium and water influx → cell swelling. Free
radicals and lactic acid also occur, but swelling is directly from pump failure.
5.
Which best describes amphipathic lipids in the plasma membrane?
A. Hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads
B. Lipids soluble in both cytoplasm and extracellular fluid
C. Proteins bound to phospholipid bilayers
D. Lipids that allow endocytosis
Answer: A
Rationale: Phospholipids are amphipathic: polar (hydrophilic) heads face water, nonpolar (hydrophobic)
tails face inward, creating a semipermeable barrier.
6.
A patient has a mutation that disrupts connexin proteins. Which type of cell-to-cell communication is
primarily impaired?
A. Tight junctions
B. Gap junctions
C. Desmosomes
D. Paracrine signaling
Answer: B
Rationale: Connexins form gap junctions, allowing ions and small molecules to pass directly between cells.
Tight junctions seal cells; desmosomes provide mechanical strength.
7.
Which phase of cellular metabolism yields the most ATP?
A. Glycolysis
