,Contents
Chapter 1 Questions
st st 1
Problems 5
Chapter 2 Questions
st st 6
Problems 12
Chapter 3 Questions
st st 17
Problems 19
Chapter 4 Questions
st st 33
Problems 39
Chapter 5 Questions
st st 49
Problems 53
Chapter 6 Questions
st st 56
Problems 63
Chapter 7 Questions
st st 67
Problems 74
Chapter 8 Questions
st st 79
Problems 87
Chapter 9 Questions
st st 90
Problems 96
Chapter 10 Questions
st st 100
Problems 108
Chapter 11 Questions
st st 110
Problems 121
Chapter 12 Questions
st st 124
Problems 131
Chapter 13 Questions
st st 133
Problems 145
Chapter 14 Questions
st st 147
Problems 160
,
, 1
Chapter 1 st
Questions
1) Give an example for each of the objectives of environmental sampling and analysis
st st st st st st st st st st st st s
listed in the text.
t st st st
Students’ answers may vary. Corresponding to each listed objective, examples are:
st st st st st st st st st st
a) Sampling and analysis of contaminant concentrations in wastewater effluent from an indus-st st st st st st st st st st st
trial source to comply with effluent standards (e.g., NPDES).
st st st st st st st st st
b) Monitor atmospheric ozone to determine air quality change over time against the NAAQ sta
st st st st st st st st st st st st st
ndard.
c) Collections of samples and analysis of contaminant concentrations in the air surrounding an oi st st st st st st st st st st st st st
l spill site to ensure health standards are met.
st st st st st st st st
d) Collections of soil and groundwater samples for the analysis of pollutants in a former gaso- st st st st st st st st st st st st st st
line station where a bioremediation project is underway. The information on how much con
st st st st st st st st st st st st st st
taminant we currently have, and how quickly is the progress of this ongoing project is impor
st st st st st st st st st st st st st st st
tant for us to make decision and take action in environmental remediation.
st st st st st st st st st st st
2) Give examples of practice that will cause data to be scientifically defective or legally
st st st st st st st st st st st st st s t
nondefensible.
Some of these examples are: improperly trained sampler and analyst, lack of good laboratory pr
st st st st st st st st st st st st st st
actice, knowingly falsifying test results, using nonvalidated equipment, unsecured chain of cust
st st st st st st st st st st st
ody, nontraceable standards for instruments, misconduct, conflict of interest (e.g., contract labs
st st st st st st st st st st st st
oftentimes work for the company that hired them), ineffective ethics programs, etc.
st st st st st st st st st st st
3) Define and give examples of systematic errors and random errors.
st st st st st st st st st
Determinate errors (systemic errors) produce a known bias in the data. These errors can be trace
st st st st st st st st st st st st st st st
d and corrected. They are avoidable mistakes that are known to have occurred or were found lat
st st st st st st st st st st st st st st st st
er. Measurements that result from these types of errors can be discarded. Random errors are ind
st st st st st st st st st st st st st st st
eterminate errors. They cannot be identified or compensated for, and statistics must be applied t
st st st st st st st st st st st st st st
o deal with the data.
st st st st
4) Why are sampling and analysis integral parts of data quality? Between sampling and
st st st st st st st st st st st st st
analysis, which one often generates more errors? Why? st st st st st st st
If a sample isn’t collected properly, then all subsequent careful lab work is useless. On the other han
st st st st st st st st st st st st st st st st st
d, if an analyst is unable to define data quality (precision, accuracy), then such data are also useles
st st st st st st st st st st st st st st st st st
s and the money and time spent in collecting these samples are wasted. Most people
st s t s t st s t s t s t s t s t st s t s t s t s t
Fundamentals of Environmental Sampling and Analysis, Second Edition. Chunlong Zhang.
st st st st st st st st st
© 2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2024 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Compani
st st st st st st st st st st st st st st st
on Website: www.wiley.com/go/EnvironmentalSamplingandAnalysis2e
st st
Chapter 1 Questions
st st 1
Problems 5
Chapter 2 Questions
st st 6
Problems 12
Chapter 3 Questions
st st 17
Problems 19
Chapter 4 Questions
st st 33
Problems 39
Chapter 5 Questions
st st 49
Problems 53
Chapter 6 Questions
st st 56
Problems 63
Chapter 7 Questions
st st 67
Problems 74
Chapter 8 Questions
st st 79
Problems 87
Chapter 9 Questions
st st 90
Problems 96
Chapter 10 Questions
st st 100
Problems 108
Chapter 11 Questions
st st 110
Problems 121
Chapter 12 Questions
st st 124
Problems 131
Chapter 13 Questions
st st 133
Problems 145
Chapter 14 Questions
st st 147
Problems 160
,
, 1
Chapter 1 st
Questions
1) Give an example for each of the objectives of environmental sampling and analysis
st st st st st st st st st st st st s
listed in the text.
t st st st
Students’ answers may vary. Corresponding to each listed objective, examples are:
st st st st st st st st st st
a) Sampling and analysis of contaminant concentrations in wastewater effluent from an indus-st st st st st st st st st st st
trial source to comply with effluent standards (e.g., NPDES).
st st st st st st st st st
b) Monitor atmospheric ozone to determine air quality change over time against the NAAQ sta
st st st st st st st st st st st st st
ndard.
c) Collections of samples and analysis of contaminant concentrations in the air surrounding an oi st st st st st st st st st st st st st
l spill site to ensure health standards are met.
st st st st st st st st
d) Collections of soil and groundwater samples for the analysis of pollutants in a former gaso- st st st st st st st st st st st st st st
line station where a bioremediation project is underway. The information on how much con
st st st st st st st st st st st st st st
taminant we currently have, and how quickly is the progress of this ongoing project is impor
st st st st st st st st st st st st st st st
tant for us to make decision and take action in environmental remediation.
st st st st st st st st st st st
2) Give examples of practice that will cause data to be scientifically defective or legally
st st st st st st st st st st st st st s t
nondefensible.
Some of these examples are: improperly trained sampler and analyst, lack of good laboratory pr
st st st st st st st st st st st st st st
actice, knowingly falsifying test results, using nonvalidated equipment, unsecured chain of cust
st st st st st st st st st st st
ody, nontraceable standards for instruments, misconduct, conflict of interest (e.g., contract labs
st st st st st st st st st st st st
oftentimes work for the company that hired them), ineffective ethics programs, etc.
st st st st st st st st st st st
3) Define and give examples of systematic errors and random errors.
st st st st st st st st st
Determinate errors (systemic errors) produce a known bias in the data. These errors can be trace
st st st st st st st st st st st st st st st
d and corrected. They are avoidable mistakes that are known to have occurred or were found lat
st st st st st st st st st st st st st st st st
er. Measurements that result from these types of errors can be discarded. Random errors are ind
st st st st st st st st st st st st st st st
eterminate errors. They cannot be identified or compensated for, and statistics must be applied t
st st st st st st st st st st st st st st
o deal with the data.
st st st st
4) Why are sampling and analysis integral parts of data quality? Between sampling and
st st st st st st st st st st st st st
analysis, which one often generates more errors? Why? st st st st st st st
If a sample isn’t collected properly, then all subsequent careful lab work is useless. On the other han
st st st st st st st st st st st st st st st st st
d, if an analyst is unable to define data quality (precision, accuracy), then such data are also useles
st st st st st st st st st st st st st st st st st
s and the money and time spent in collecting these samples are wasted. Most people
st s t s t st s t s t s t s t s t st s t s t s t s t
Fundamentals of Environmental Sampling and Analysis, Second Edition. Chunlong Zhang.
st st st st st st st st st
© 2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2024 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Compani
st st st st st st st st st st st st st st st
on Website: www.wiley.com/go/EnvironmentalSamplingandAnalysis2e
st st
