Test Bank - A Concise Introduction to Logic 13th Edition By Patrick J. Hurley, Lori Watson| All Chapters, Latest Edition| with questions and answers.

,Chapter 1 Test Amm mm mm




MULTIPLE CHOICE mm




INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments frommm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm



nonarguments and identifying conclusions. Select the best answer for each.
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1. There appears to be a growing happiness gap between men and women. Women today are
mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm



m working more and relaxing less, while men are working less and relaxing more.
m nn mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm



Forty years ago a typical woman spent 40 minutes more per week than the typical man
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performing an activity
mm considered unpleasant. Today, with men working less, the
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gap is 90 minutes and growing.
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a. Argument; conclusion: Today ... the gap is 90 minutes and growing.
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b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Forty years ago ... an activity considered unpleasant.
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d. Argument; conclusion: There appears to be ... between men and women.
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e. Argument; conclusion: Women today are working more and mm mm mm mm mm mm mm




mm relaxing less.ANS: D PTS: mm m m 2

2. Lead is toxic, but do you know why? Lead is toxic mainly because it preferentially
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replaces other metals in biochemical reactions. In so doing it interferes with the proteins
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that regulate blood
mm mm pressure(which can cause development delays in children and
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high blood pressure in adults), heme production (which can lead to anemia), and
m m m m m m m m m m mm m m nn mm m m mm mm m m



sperm production. Lead also displaces calcium in the reactions that transmit electrical
m m mm mm m m mm m m mm mm mm mm mm mm



impulses in the brain, which diminishes the ability to think and recall information.
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Anne Marie Helmstine, "Your Guide to Chemistry" mm mm mm mm mm mm



a. Argument; conclusion: It interferes with the proteins ... and sperm production.
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b. Argument; conclusion: Lead is toxic. mm mm mm mm



c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: It preferentially replaces other metals in biochemical reactions.
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e. Argument; conclusion: Lead also displaces calcium ... mm mm mm mm mm mm




mm recall information.ANS: C
mm PTS: m m 2

3. Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself. He argued that it was virtuous to
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choose
mm theproper amount of emotion and/or action called for in a particular situation and
m m mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm



that extremes of
mm mm emotion and action were vices. In all communities there are some
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men of practical wisdom who have the capacity to judge wisely. Aristotle argued that
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they have the capacity to follow the "right rule" whatever the situation.
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David Cooper, Value Pluralism and Ethical Choice mm mm mm mm mm mm



a. Argument; conclusion: In all communities ... capacity to judge wisely.
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b. Argument; conclusion: Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself.
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c. Argument; conclusion: They have the capacity to follow ... the situation.
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d. Argument; conclusion: He argued that it was virtuous ... were vices
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e. Nonargument.
ANS: E PTS: 2

4. Illegal immigrants pay local sales taxes, and many of them also pay state, local, and
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federal income taxand Social Security tax. They also purchase items from local merchants,
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increasing the amount these merchants pay in taxes. In addition, they work for low
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mmsalaries, which increases the earnings of their employers and the amount of taxes
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mmthese employers pay. Thus, it is not correct to say that illegal immigrants contribute
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nothing to the communities in which they live.
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a. Argument; conclusion: It is not correct to say ... communities in which they live.
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1

, b. Argument; conclusion: They work for low salaries ... these employers pay.
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c. Argument; conclusion: Illegal immigrants pay ... Social Security tax.
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d. Argument; conclusion: They also purchase items ... pay in taxes.
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e. Nonargument.
ANS: A PTS: 2

5. Numerous studies have indicated that women of color, black women in particular, are
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over- arrested, over-indicted, and over-sentenced. African-American women are seven times
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more likely to be arrested for prostitution than women of other ethnic groups. Black
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women have received
mm significantlylonger sentences for crimes against property and served
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longer periods in prison. For both murder and drug offenses, Euroamerican women ended
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up serving one-third less time for the same offenses than black women.
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Nancy Kurshan, "Women and Imprisonment in the U.S." mm mm mm mm mm mm mm



a. Argument; conclusion: African-American women ... other ethnic groups.
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b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: For both murder and drug offenses ... black women.
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d. Argument; conclusion: Numerous studies have indicated ... over-sentenced.
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e. Argument; conclusion: Black women have received ... longer
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mm periods in prison. ANS: mm mm nn B PTS: m m 2

6. It's even more important these days that your computer be protected by a
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m



m mfirewall. There are criminal elements lurking in the shadows of cyberspace who send out
m m m m mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm



mmprobes to detect unprotected mm PCs. Once a vulnerable computer is found, these criminals
mm mm m m mm mm nn mm mm mm mm mm



mminstall software that assists them in committing identity theft and fencing stolen IDs.
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m mThey also defraud online advertisers by using these zombie computers tovisit pay-per-
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click ads. mm



a. Argument; conclusion: There are criminal elements ... to detect unprotected PCs.
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b. Argument; conclusion: Once a vulnerable computer ... fencing stolen IDs.
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c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: They also defraud ... to visit pay-per-click ads.
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e. Argument; conclusion: It's even more important ... protected
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mm by a firewall.ANS: E PTS:
mm mm m m 2

7. The earth is of interest to astronomy for many reasons. Nearly all observations must be
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made through the atmosphere, and the phenomena of the upper atmosphere and the
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magnetosphere
mm reflect the state ofinterplanetary space. The earth is also the most
m m mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm



important object of comparison for planetologists.
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Hannu Karttunen, et al., Fundamental Astronomy mm mm mm mm mm



a. Argument; conclusion: The phenomena ... state of interplanetary space.
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b. Argument; conclusion: The earth is also ... for planetologists.
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c. Argument; conclusion: The earth is of interest to astronomy.
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d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: Nearly all observations ... through
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mm the atmosphere. ANS:
mm nn C PTS: m m 2

8. If the trade in tiger products is banned, tiger reserves are guarded by well equipped staff,
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m communities abutting tiger habitat are given a stake in protecting tigers, and the makers
m nn mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm



of traditional medicines canbe persuaded that tiger parts are not needed, then tiger
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poaching will be
mm halted, habitat and life sustaining prey will be restored, and the
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immanent extinction of tigers in the wild will be averted.
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a. Nonargument.
b. Argument; conclusion: The trade in tiger products is banned.
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c. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted.
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d. Argument; conclusion: The makers of traditional medicines ... not needed.
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2

, e. Argument; conclusion: Tiger poaching will be halted ... will
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mm be averted.ANS:
mm A PTS: m m 2

9. Humans are biological organisms. To understand our behavior and mental processes, we
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need to understand their biological underpinnings, starting with the cellular level, the
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neuron. How we feel, learn, remember, and think all stem from neuronal activity.
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So, how a neuron works and how neuronscommunicate are crucial pieces of
m m mm mm mm m m m m mm mm mm mm mm mm



information in solving the puzzle of human behavior and mental processing.
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Richard Griggs, Psychology: A Concise Introduction mm mm mm mm mm



a. Argument; conclusion: To understand our behavior ... the neuron.
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b. Argument; conclusion: Humans are biological organisms.
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c. Argument; conclusion: How we feel ... neuronal activity.
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d. Argument; conclusion: How a neuron works ... mental processing.
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e. Nonargument.
ANS: D PTS: 2

10. Viruses are acellular entities too small to be seen with a light microscope. They are
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mmcomposed of a nucleic acid and a few proteins. Viruses replicate themselves and display
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other properties of living organisms only when they have invaded living cells. Indeed,
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some viruses can be crystallized and
mm mm stored in a container on a shelf for years, but
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they retain the capacity to invade cells and cause disease.
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Jacquelyn C. Black, Microbiology: Principles and Explorations mm mm mm mm mm mm



a. Argument; conclusion: They are composed of a nucleic acid and a few proteins.
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b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Viruses are acellular entities ... microscope.
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d. Argument; conclusion: Indeed, some viruses can be crystallized ... cause disease.
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e. Argument; conclusion: Viruses replicate themselves ... invaded
mm mm mm mm mm mm




mm living cells.ANS:mm B PTS: m m 2

11. Harnessing the clean, abundant energy of the sun and wind is critical to solving
mm m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m



the global warming problem. Technological advances have brought the cost of electricity
m m m m mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm



generated by the wind down by82 percent since 1981. Solar energy technology has made
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remarkable progress as new photovoltaic cells have been developed to convert even
mm mm mm m m mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm



greater amounts of sunlight directly into electricity. Todaythe costs of wind and
mm mm mm mm mm m m m m m m m m m m m m mm



solar power are becoming competitive with dirty coal-fired plants.
m m m m m m m m mm m m m m mm mm



Sierra Club, "Global Warming Solutions" mm mm mm mm



a. Argument; conclusion: Today the costs of wind ... dirty coal-fired plants.
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b. Argument; conclusion: Technological advances ... by 82 percent since 1981.
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c. Argument; conclusion: Harnessing the clean ... the global warming problem.
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d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; conclusion: Solar energy technology ... directly
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mm into electricity.ANS:
mm DPTS: m m 2

12. It is likely that innocent prisoners in this country have been executed for crimes
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they did not commit. From 1973 until 2007, 124 death row inmates have been
m m m m m m mm m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m



exonerated. In many of these cases DNA evidence played a crucial role. Yet, in that
m m m m m m m m m m mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm



same time frame, more than 1000 prisoners were executed. For many of these prisoners
mm mm mm mm mm mm mm m m mm mm mm mm mm mm



no DNA evidence was available. If such evidence had
mm mm mm been available, howmay more
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would have been exonerated?
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a. Argument; conclusion: In many of these cases ... played a crucial role.
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b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: From 1973 ... have been exonerated.
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d. Argument; conclusion: For many of these prisoners ... was available.
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e. Argument; conclusion: It is likely that innocent prisoners ... they did not commit.
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