,Contents
Chapter 01: Cellular Biology ........................................................................................................................ 4
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Chapter 02: Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology: Environmental Agents ............................................... 18
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Chapter 03: The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases ................................ 31
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Chapter 04: Genes and Genetic Diseases ................................................................................................ 44
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Chapter 05: Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases ........................................................ 55
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Chapter 06: Epigenetics and Disease ........................................................................................................ 63
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Chapter 07: Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing ......................................................... 68
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Chapter 08: Adaptive Immunity ................................................................................................................ 83
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Chapter 09: Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation ......................................................................... 95
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Chapter 10: Infection ............................................................................................................................... 108
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Chapter 11: Stress and Disease .............................................................................................................. 117
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Chapter 12: Cancer Biology ..................................................................................................................... 124
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Chapter 13: Cancer Epidemiology ........................................................................................................... 137
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Chapter 14: Cancer in Children ............................................................................................................... 143
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Chapter 15: Structure and Function of the Neurologic System............................................................ 148
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Chapter 16: Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function ........................................... 159
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Chapter 17: Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function .......... 174
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Chapter 18: Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular
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Junction
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................................................................................................................................................................ 188
Chapter 19: Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders ....................... 199
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Chapter 20: Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children ................................................................. 206
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Chapter 21: Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation ................................................................................ 213
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Chapter 22: Alterations of Hormonal Regulation ................................................................................... 222
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Chapter 23: Obesity and Disorders of Nutrition .................................................................................... 234
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Chapter 24: Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems ...................................................... 239
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Chapter 25: Alterations of the Female Reproductive System............................................................... 249
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Chapter 26: Alterations of the Male Reproductive System .................................................................. 259
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Chapter 27: Sexually Transmitted Infections .......................................................................................... 265
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Chapter 28: Structure and Function of the Hematologic System ......................................................... 273
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,Chapter 29: Alterations of Erythrocytes, Platelets, and Hemostatic Function...................................... 283
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Chapter 30: Alterations of Leukocyte and Lymphoid Function ............................................................. 293
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Chapter 31: Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children .............................................................. 300
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Chapter 32: Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems .......................... 311
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Chapter 33: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function ............................................................................... 324
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Chapter 34: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children ........................................................... 338
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Chapter 35: Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System ........................................................... 346
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Chapter 36: Alterations of Pulmonary Function ..................................................................................... 356
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Chapter 37: Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children ................................................................. 373
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Chapter 38: Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems ............................................ 381
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Chapter 39: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function .............................................................. 391
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Chapter 40: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children........................................... 401
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Chapter 41: Structure and Function of the Digestive System .............................................................. 409
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Chapter 42: Alterations of Digestive Function........................................................................................ 421
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Chapter 43: Alterations of Digestive Function in Children .................................................................... 432
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Chapter 44: Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System ................................................... 441
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Chapter 45: Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function ............................................................................ 453
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Chapter 46: Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children ......................................................... 466
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Chapter 47: Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument..................................................... 475
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Chapter 48: Alterations of the Integument in Children ........................................................................ 486
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Chapter 49: Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adults............................... 494
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Chapter 50: Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children ........................... 502
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, Chapter 01: Cellular Biology
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MULTIPLE CHOICE nn
1. Which statement best describes the cellular function of metabolic absorption?
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a. Cells can produce proteins.
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b. Cells can secrete digestive enzymes.
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c. Cells can take in and use nutrients.
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d. Cells can synthesize fats.nn nn nn
ANS: C nn
In metabolic absorption, all cells take in and use nutrients and other substances from their
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surroundings. The remaining options are not inclusive in their descriptions of cellular
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metabolic absorption.
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PTS: n n n n 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering nn nn
2. Where is most of a cell’s genetic information, including RNA and DNA, contained?
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a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. Lysosome
ANS: C nn
The nucleus contains the nucleolus, a small dense structure composed largely of RNA, most
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of the cellular DNA, and the DNA-binding proteins, such as the histones, which regulate
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its activity. The mitochondria are responsible for cellular respiration and energy
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production.
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Ribosomes’ chief function is to provide sites for cellular protein synthesis. Lysosomes
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function as the intracellular digestive system.
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PTS: n n n n 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering nn nn
3. Which component of the cell produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by using oxygen to
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remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction?
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a. Lysosomes
b. Peroxisomes
c. Ribosomes
d. Endosome
ANS: B nn
Chapter 01: Cellular Biology ........................................................................................................................ 4
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Chapter 02: Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology: Environmental Agents ............................................... 18
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Chapter 03: The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases ................................ 31
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Chapter 04: Genes and Genetic Diseases ................................................................................................ 44
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Chapter 05: Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases ........................................................ 55
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Chapter 06: Epigenetics and Disease ........................................................................................................ 63
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Chapter 07: Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing ......................................................... 68
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Chapter 08: Adaptive Immunity ................................................................................................................ 83
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Chapter 09: Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation ......................................................................... 95
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Chapter 10: Infection ............................................................................................................................... 108
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Chapter 11: Stress and Disease .............................................................................................................. 117
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Chapter 12: Cancer Biology ..................................................................................................................... 124
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Chapter 13: Cancer Epidemiology ........................................................................................................... 137
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Chapter 14: Cancer in Children ............................................................................................................... 143
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Chapter 15: Structure and Function of the Neurologic System............................................................ 148
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Chapter 16: Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function ........................................... 159
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Chapter 17: Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function .......... 174
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Chapter 18: Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular
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Junction
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................................................................................................................................................................ 188
Chapter 19: Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders ....................... 199
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Chapter 20: Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children ................................................................. 206
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Chapter 21: Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation ................................................................................ 213
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Chapter 22: Alterations of Hormonal Regulation ................................................................................... 222
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Chapter 23: Obesity and Disorders of Nutrition .................................................................................... 234
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Chapter 24: Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems ...................................................... 239
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Chapter 25: Alterations of the Female Reproductive System............................................................... 249
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Chapter 26: Alterations of the Male Reproductive System .................................................................. 259
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Chapter 27: Sexually Transmitted Infections .......................................................................................... 265
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Chapter 28: Structure and Function of the Hematologic System ......................................................... 273
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,Chapter 29: Alterations of Erythrocytes, Platelets, and Hemostatic Function...................................... 283
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Chapter 30: Alterations of Leukocyte and Lymphoid Function ............................................................. 293
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Chapter 31: Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children .............................................................. 300
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Chapter 32: Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems .......................... 311
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Chapter 33: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function ............................................................................... 324
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Chapter 34: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children ........................................................... 338
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Chapter 35: Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System ........................................................... 346
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Chapter 36: Alterations of Pulmonary Function ..................................................................................... 356
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Chapter 37: Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children ................................................................. 373
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Chapter 38: Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems ............................................ 381
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Chapter 39: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function .............................................................. 391
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Chapter 40: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children........................................... 401
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Chapter 41: Structure and Function of the Digestive System .............................................................. 409
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Chapter 42: Alterations of Digestive Function........................................................................................ 421
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Chapter 43: Alterations of Digestive Function in Children .................................................................... 432
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Chapter 44: Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System ................................................... 441
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Chapter 45: Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function ............................................................................ 453
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Chapter 46: Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children ......................................................... 466
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Chapter 47: Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument..................................................... 475
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Chapter 48: Alterations of the Integument in Children ........................................................................ 486
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Chapter 49: Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adults............................... 494
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Chapter 50: Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children ........................... 502
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, Chapter 01: Cellular Biology
nn nn nn
MULTIPLE CHOICE nn
1. Which statement best describes the cellular function of metabolic absorption?
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
a. Cells can produce proteins.
nn nn nn
b. Cells can secrete digestive enzymes.
nn nn nn nn
c. Cells can take in and use nutrients.
nn nn nn nn nn nn
d. Cells can synthesize fats.nn nn nn
ANS: C nn
In metabolic absorption, all cells take in and use nutrients and other substances from their
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
surroundings. The remaining options are not inclusive in their descriptions of cellular
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
metabolic absorption.
nn nn
PTS: n n n n 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering nn nn
2. Where is most of a cell’s genetic information, including RNA and DNA, contained?
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. Lysosome
ANS: C nn
The nucleus contains the nucleolus, a small dense structure composed largely of RNA, most
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
of the cellular DNA, and the DNA-binding proteins, such as the histones, which regulate
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
its activity. The mitochondria are responsible for cellular respiration and energy
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
production.
nn
Ribosomes’ chief function is to provide sites for cellular protein synthesis. Lysosomes
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
function as the intracellular digestive system.
nn nn nn nn nn nn
PTS: n n n n 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering nn nn
3. Which component of the cell produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by using oxygen to
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction?
nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn nn
a. Lysosomes
b. Peroxisomes
c. Ribosomes
d. Endosome
ANS: B nn
