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NBME PATHOLOGYNBME PATHOLOGY FINAL TEST BANK EXAM NEWEST 2025 ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 300 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS

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NBME PATHOLOGY FINAL TEST BANK EXAM NEWEST 2025 ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 300 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS Apoptosis: Answer: Programmed cell death. REQUIRES ATP. Can occur via the intrinsic or extrinsic pathways, both of which involve activation of cytosolic caspases which mediate cellular breakdown. **Unlike necrosis, apoptosis does not involve significant inflammation. Involves eosinophilic cytoplasm, cell shrinkage, pyknosis and basophilia, membrane blebbing and karyorrhexis, and formation of apoptotic bodies which are phagocytosed. DNA laddering is a sensitive indicator of apoptosis* Occurs because during karyorrhexis endonucleases yield 180bp fragments. Radiation therapy does what? Answer: Causes apoptosis of cancer cells because it causes formation of free radicals which lead to dsDNA breakage. rapidly dividing cells like skin and GI mucosa are highly susceptible to radiation-induced apoptosis. Intrinsic pathway of apoptosis: what is its general purpose / when does it occur? Answer: It's involved in tissue remodeling in embryogenesis. Often occurs when a regulating factor is withdrawn from a proliferating cell population. For example, low IL-2 after completion of an immunological reaction causes apoptosis of proliferating effector cells. Also occurs in response to injury from radiation, toxins, hypoxia,etc. Changes in proportions of pro- and anti- apoptotic factors leads to an increase in mitochondrial permeability and cyt c release. BAK, BAX, Bcl-2: Which of these are pro- and which are anti-apoptotic? Answer: BAX and BAK are pro. Bcl-2 is anti-apoptotic.

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