CHAPTER 1: Psychology Is a Way of Thinking
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES VB
Learning Objective 1.1: Articulate how the roles of consumers and producers of psychological research are similar an
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d how they differ.
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Learning Objective 1.2: Explain how theories and data interact to form empirical inquiry.
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Learning Objective 1.3: Identify examples of basic and applied research and describe the interactions between the tw
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o kinds of research.
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Learning Objective 1.4: Describe the role of the peer-review process in science.
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Learning Objective 1.5: Give examples of ways that researchers dig deeper by doing more than just one study on a re
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search question.
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Learning Objective 1.6: Describe the differences between empirical journals and popular journalism; describe the goa
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ls of each format and give examples of ways that journalists can write better stories about scientific news.
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MULTIPLE CHOICE VB
1. Which of the following is an example of being a producer of research?
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a. Administering an anxiety questionnaire vb vb vb
b. Applying a new therapy technique vb vb vb vb
c. Writing an opinion article about a psychological study
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d. Undergoing a brain scan vb vb vb
ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: vb
1.1 Research Producers, Research Consumers: Why the Producer Role Is Important OBJ:
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Learning Objective 1.1 vb vb
MSC: Understanding
2. Which of the following is an example of being a consumer of research?
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a. Administering a questionnaire of PTSD symptoms vb vb vb vb vb
b. Consenting to participate in a research studyvb vb vb vb vb vb
c. Attending a psychological conferencevb vb vb
d. Measuring dopamine levels in patients with schizophrenia
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ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: vb
1.1 Research Producers, Research Consumers: Why the Consumer Role Is Important OBJ:
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Learning Objective 1.1 vb vb
MSC: Applying
3.
, Students who are interested in being consumers of, but not producers of, research might choose which of the fol
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lowing professions? vb
a. A clinical psychologist
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b. An intervention program evaluator
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c. A political pollster
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d. An advertising executive
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ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: vb
1.1 Research Producers, Research Consumers: Why the Consumer Role Is Important OBJ:
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Learning Objective 1.1 vb vb
MSC: Analyzing
4.
Dr. Smitherman insists that all his research assistants know how to be producers of research. All of the followin
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g relate to this requirement EXCEPT:
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a. He wants to make sure they understand how to write in APA style.
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b. He wants to make sure they understand why anonymity is important.
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c. He wants to make sure they understand how to interpret study results and graphs.
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d. He wants to make sure they have previously been participants in research studies.
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ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: vb
1.1 Research Producers, Research Consumers: Why the Consumer Role Is Important OBJ:
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Learning Objective 1.1 vb vb
MSC: Understanding
5.
Elliott is double majoring in English and psychology. He plans on being a high school English teacher and is o
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nly majoring in psychology because he finds the classes interesting. Which of the following is an important reaso
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n for him to be a good consumer of research?
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a. His psychology advisor may ask for his help in copy-editing a research article.
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b. He will likely need to be a participant in research studies as part of his psychology major.
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c. He will probably want to read research related to enhancing his teaching.
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d. He will have to produce research before he can consume it.
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ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: vb
1.1 Research Producers, Research Consumers: Why the Consumer Role Is Important OBJ:
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Learning Objective 1.1 vb vb
MSC: Applying
6. In the theory-data cycle, theories first lead to
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.
a. questions
b. answers
c. data
, d. research
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: vb
1.2 How Scientists Approach Their Work: Scientists Test Theories: The Theory-Data Cycle OBJ:
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Learning Objective 1.2 vb vb
MSC: Understanding
7. Another word for hypothesis is a(n)
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.
a. theory
b. observation
c. prediction
d. outcome
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: vb
1.2 How Scientists Approach Their Work: Scientists Test Theories: The Theory-Data Cycle OBJ:
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Learning Objective 1.2 vb vb
MSC: Remembering
8. Another word for data is a(n) vb vb vb vb vb vb
.
a. theory
b. observation
c. prediction
d. outcome
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: vb
1.2 How Scientists Approach Their Work: Scientists Test Theories: The Theory-Data Cycle OBJ:
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Learning Objective 1.2 vb vb
MSC: Remembering
9.
RESEARCH STUDY 1.1: Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that there are three fundamental needs th
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at are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that stu
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dents who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She colle
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
cts data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier but that feeling more autono
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mous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is only necessary when people are in situations
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in which they are not being evaluated.
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Deci and Ryan’s general statement of how the three needs are related to growth and fulfillment is an example o
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f which of the following?
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a. A theory
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b. A hypothesis
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c. Data
d. Research
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: vb
, 1.2 How Scientists Approach Their Work: Scientists Test Theories: The Theory-Data Cycle OBJ:
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Learning Objective 1.2 vb vb
MSC: Applying
10.
RESEARCH STUDY 1.1: Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that there are three fundamental needs th
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
at are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that stu
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dents who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She colle
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
cts data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier but that feeling more autono
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
mous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is only necessary when people are in situations
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
in which they are not being evaluated.
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Susan’s prediction that students who have all three needs met will experience greater satisfaction with their psy
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chology class is an example of which of the following?
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a. A theory
vb
b. A hypothesis
vb
c. Data
d. Research
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: vb
1.2 How Scientists Approach Their Work: Scientists Test Theories: The Theory-Data Cycle OBJ:
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Learning Objective 1.2 vb vb
MSC: Applying
11.
RESEARCH STUDY 1.1: Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that there are three fundamental needs th
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
at are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that stu
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
dents who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She colle
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
cts data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier but that feeling more autono
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
mous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is only necessary when people are in situations
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
in which they are not being evaluated.
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After Susan collects and analyzes her data, which of the following is the next logical step?
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a. Susan writes a paper challenging Self-Determination Theory because only some of her data supported it.
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b. Susan ignores the data that did not fit the theory.
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c. Susan recalculates her data to fit the theory.
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d. Susan alters or amends the theory to fit her data.
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ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: vb
1.2 How Scientists Approach Their Work: Scientists Test Theories: The Theory-Data Cycle OBJ:
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
Learning Objective 1.2 vb vb
MSC: Applying
12.
RESEARCH STUDY 1.1: Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that there are three fundamental needs th
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
LEARNING OBJECTIVES VB
Learning Objective 1.1: Articulate how the roles of consumers and producers of psychological research are similar an
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
d how they differ.
vb vb vb
Learning Objective 1.2: Explain how theories and data interact to form empirical inquiry.
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
Learning Objective 1.3: Identify examples of basic and applied research and describe the interactions between the tw
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
o kinds of research.
vb vb vb
Learning Objective 1.4: Describe the role of the peer-review process in science.
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
Learning Objective 1.5: Give examples of ways that researchers dig deeper by doing more than just one study on a re
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
search question.
vb
Learning Objective 1.6: Describe the differences between empirical journals and popular journalism; describe the goa
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
ls of each format and give examples of ways that journalists can write better stories about scientific news.
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
MULTIPLE CHOICE VB
1. Which of the following is an example of being a producer of research?
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
a. Administering an anxiety questionnaire vb vb vb
b. Applying a new therapy technique vb vb vb vb
c. Writing an opinion article about a psychological study
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
d. Undergoing a brain scan vb vb vb
ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: vb
1.1 Research Producers, Research Consumers: Why the Producer Role Is Important OBJ:
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
Learning Objective 1.1 vb vb
MSC: Understanding
2. Which of the following is an example of being a consumer of research?
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
a. Administering a questionnaire of PTSD symptoms vb vb vb vb vb
b. Consenting to participate in a research studyvb vb vb vb vb vb
c. Attending a psychological conferencevb vb vb
d. Measuring dopamine levels in patients with schizophrenia
vb vb vb vb vb vb
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: vb
1.1 Research Producers, Research Consumers: Why the Consumer Role Is Important OBJ:
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
Learning Objective 1.1 vb vb
MSC: Applying
3.
, Students who are interested in being consumers of, but not producers of, research might choose which of the fol
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
lowing professions? vb
a. A clinical psychologist
vb vb
b. An intervention program evaluator
vb vb vb
c. A political pollster
vb vb
d. An advertising executive
vb vb
ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: vb
1.1 Research Producers, Research Consumers: Why the Consumer Role Is Important OBJ:
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
Learning Objective 1.1 vb vb
MSC: Analyzing
4.
Dr. Smitherman insists that all his research assistants know how to be producers of research. All of the followin
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
g relate to this requirement EXCEPT:
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a. He wants to make sure they understand how to write in APA style.
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
b. He wants to make sure they understand why anonymity is important.
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
c. He wants to make sure they understand how to interpret study results and graphs.
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
d. He wants to make sure they have previously been participants in research studies.
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: vb
1.1 Research Producers, Research Consumers: Why the Consumer Role Is Important OBJ:
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
Learning Objective 1.1 vb vb
MSC: Understanding
5.
Elliott is double majoring in English and psychology. He plans on being a high school English teacher and is o
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
nly majoring in psychology because he finds the classes interesting. Which of the following is an important reaso
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
n for him to be a good consumer of research?
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
a. His psychology advisor may ask for his help in copy-editing a research article.
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
b. He will likely need to be a participant in research studies as part of his psychology major.
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
c. He will probably want to read research related to enhancing his teaching.
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
d. He will have to produce research before he can consume it.
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: vb
1.1 Research Producers, Research Consumers: Why the Consumer Role Is Important OBJ:
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
Learning Objective 1.1 vb vb
MSC: Applying
6. In the theory-data cycle, theories first lead to
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
.
a. questions
b. answers
c. data
, d. research
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: vb
1.2 How Scientists Approach Their Work: Scientists Test Theories: The Theory-Data Cycle OBJ:
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
Learning Objective 1.2 vb vb
MSC: Understanding
7. Another word for hypothesis is a(n)
vb vb vb vb vb vb
.
a. theory
b. observation
c. prediction
d. outcome
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: vb
1.2 How Scientists Approach Their Work: Scientists Test Theories: The Theory-Data Cycle OBJ:
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
Learning Objective 1.2 vb vb
MSC: Remembering
8. Another word for data is a(n) vb vb vb vb vb vb
.
a. theory
b. observation
c. prediction
d. outcome
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: vb
1.2 How Scientists Approach Their Work: Scientists Test Theories: The Theory-Data Cycle OBJ:
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
Learning Objective 1.2 vb vb
MSC: Remembering
9.
RESEARCH STUDY 1.1: Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that there are three fundamental needs th
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
at are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that stu
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
dents who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She colle
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
cts data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier but that feeling more autono
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
mous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is only necessary when people are in situations
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
in which they are not being evaluated.
vb vb vb vb vb vb
Deci and Ryan’s general statement of how the three needs are related to growth and fulfillment is an example o
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
f which of the following?
vb vb vb vb
a. A theory
vb
b. A hypothesis
vb
c. Data
d. Research
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: vb
, 1.2 How Scientists Approach Their Work: Scientists Test Theories: The Theory-Data Cycle OBJ:
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
Learning Objective 1.2 vb vb
MSC: Applying
10.
RESEARCH STUDY 1.1: Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that there are three fundamental needs th
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
at are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that stu
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
dents who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She colle
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
cts data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier but that feeling more autono
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
mous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is only necessary when people are in situations
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
in which they are not being evaluated.
vb vb vb vb vb vb
Susan’s prediction that students who have all three needs met will experience greater satisfaction with their psy
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
chology class is an example of which of the following?
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
a. A theory
vb
b. A hypothesis
vb
c. Data
d. Research
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: vb
1.2 How Scientists Approach Their Work: Scientists Test Theories: The Theory-Data Cycle OBJ:
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
Learning Objective 1.2 vb vb
MSC: Applying
11.
RESEARCH STUDY 1.1: Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that there are three fundamental needs th
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
at are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that stu
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
dents who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She colle
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
cts data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier but that feeling more autono
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
mous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is only necessary when people are in situations
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
in which they are not being evaluated.
vb vb vb vb vb vb
After Susan collects and analyzes her data, which of the following is the next logical step?
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
a. Susan writes a paper challenging Self-Determination Theory because only some of her data supported it.
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
b. Susan ignores the data that did not fit the theory.
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
c. Susan recalculates her data to fit the theory.
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
d. Susan alters or amends the theory to fit her data.
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: vb
1.2 How Scientists Approach Their Work: Scientists Test Theories: The Theory-Data Cycle OBJ:
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
Learning Objective 1.2 vb vb
MSC: Applying
12.
RESEARCH STUDY 1.1: Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that there are three fundamental needs th
vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb vb
