ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I WGU D312 OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES || 100% GUARANTEED PASS <BRAND NEW VERSION>

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I WGU D312 OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES || 100% GUARANTEED PASS &lt;BRAND NEW VERSION&gt; 1. What is the condensed form of chromatin that is composed of DNA and proteins? - ANSWER Chromosome 2. What is the term for the full complement of proteins in a cell? - ANSWER Proteome 3. What is a functional segment of DNA that provides the genetic information necessary to build a protein? - ANSWER Gene 4. What process transforms the information coded in a gene to a final gene product, ultimately dictating the structure and function of a cell? - ANSWER Gene expression 5. What is the process of copying DNA that occurs before cell division? - ANSWER DNA replication 6. What term describes DNA replication where each new DNA molecule contains one original strand and one newly synthesized strand? - ANSWER Semiconservative 7. Which enzyme untwists and separates the two strands of DNA during the initiation stage of DNA replication? - ANSWER Helicase 8. Which enzyme adds free nucleotides to the end of a DNA chain during the elongation stage of DNA replication? - ANSWER DNA polymerase 9. What is the single-stranded nucleic acid that carries a copy of the genetic code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis? - ANSWER mRNA (messenger RNA) 10. What is the process called that synthesizes a strand of mRNA complementary to a gene of interest? - ANSWER Transcription 11. What is the first phase of mitosis during which chromatin coils and condenses into visible chromosomes? - ANSWER Prophase 12. What is the structure composed of centrosomes and their emerging microtubules called? - ANSWER Mitotic spindle 13. What is the protein structure on the centromere that attaches the mitotic spindle to the sister chromatids? - ANSWER Kinetochore 14. During which stage of mitosis do sister chromatids line up along a linear plane in the middle of the cell? - ANSWER Metaphase 15. What is the final stage of mitosis characterized by the formation of two new daughter nuclei? - ANSWER Telophase 16. What is the contractile band made up of microfilaments that forms around the midline of the cell during cytokinesis? - ANSWER Cleavage furrow 17. What are the structural and functional units of all living organisms, primarily formed from elements like carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus? - ANSWER Cells 18. What are the sex cells used to pass on genes from generation to generation? - ANSWER Germ cells 19. What type of cells include epithelial cells, blood cells, osteoblasts, fibroblasts, muscle cells, and nerve cells? - ANSWER Somatic cells 20. What is the most common type of blood cell that binds oxygen in the lungs and carries it to tissues throughout the body? - ANSWER Red blood cells (erythrocytes) 21. What type of white blood cells function by identifying, capturing, and eliminating invading pathogens or foreign particles? - ANSWER Leukocytes 22. What type of tissue forms large sheets of cells covering all body surfaces exposed to the outside world and lining the outside of organs? - ANSWER Epithelial tissue 23. What is the specific type of epithelium that lines hollow organs and body cavities not connected to the exterior of the body, including blood vessels and serous membranes? - ANSWER Endothelium 24. What is the specialized intercellular connection between cell membranes in epithelial tissue called? - ANSWER Cell junction 25. What is the mixture of glycoproteins and collagen that provides an attachment site for epithelium, separating it from underlying connective tissue? - ANSWER Basal lamina 26. What are the microscopic extensions of the apical cell membrane supported by microtubules that beat in unison to move fluids and trapped particles? - ANSWER Cilia 27. What type of cell junction separates cells into apical and basal compartments, blocking the movement of substances through the extracellular space between cells - ANSWER Tight junction 28. What type of cell junction helps stabilize epithelial tissues and includes desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, and adherens? - ANSWER Anchoring junction 29. What is the adhesion molecule embedded in desmosomes that links with cadherin molecules of adjacent cells? - ANSWER Cadherin 30. What type of anchoring junction links cells to the extracellular matrix and includes the adhesion proteins called integrins? - ANSWER Hemidesmosomes 31. What type of cell junction forms an intercellular passageway between adjacent cells to facilitate the movement of small molecules and ions? - ANSWER Gap junction 32. What are the three basic shapes of epithelial cells? - ANSWER Squamous, cuboidal, columnar 33. What type of epithelium consists of a single layer of cells where every cell rests on the basal lamina? - ANSWER Simple epithelium 34. What type of epithelium appears to have multiple layers due to irregularly shaped cells but actually has a single layer? - ANSWER Pseudostratified epithelium 35. What is the epithelial tissue that lines vessels of the lymphatic and cardiovascular system, made up of a single layer of squamous cells? - ANSWER Endothelium 36. What type of epithelial cells have a round nucleus located near the center and are active in secretion and absorption? - ANSWER Simple cuboidal epithelium 37. What type of epithelial cells have an elongated nucleus located in the basal end and are found in the digestive system and female reproductive tract? - ANSWER Simple columnar epithelium 38. What is a structure made up of one or more cells modified to synthesize and secrete chemical substances? - ANSWER Gland 39. What type of gland releases secretions directly into surrounding tissues and fluids without ducts? - ANSWER Endocrine gland 40. What are the secretions of endocrine glands called? - ANSWER Hormones 41. What type of gland releases its contents through a duct that leads to the epithelial surface? - ANSWER Exocrine gland 42. What is the most common type of exocrine secretion where secretions are enclosed in vesicles and released by exocytosis? - ANSWER Merocrine secretion 43. What type of secretion involves the rupture and destruction of the entire gland cell? - ANSWER Holocrine secretion 44. What type of gland produces watery, blood-plasma-like secretions rich in enzymes such as alpha amylase? - ANSWER Serous gland 45. What type of gland releases watery to viscous products rich in the glycoprotein mucin? - ANSWER Mucous gland 46. What type of glands are common in the salivary glands of the mouth and release both serous and mucous secretions? - ANSWER Mixed exocrine glands 47. These glands secrete oils that lubricate and protect the skin. They are holocrine glands and they are destroyed after releasing their contents. - ANSWER Sebaceous Glands 48. Extracellular material that is produced by the cells embedded in it, containing ground substance and fibers - ANSWER Matrix 49. What is the fluid or semi-fluid portion of the matrix in connective tissue? - ANSWER Ground substance 50. What type of multipotent adult stem cell can differentiate into various cell types? - ANSWER Mesenchymal cell 51. What specialized loose connective tissue is present in the umbilical cord? - ANSWER Mucous connective tissue 52. What type of connective tissue supports other tissues and organs of the body? - ANSWER Connective tissue proper 53. What type of connective tissue has loosely organized fibers with large spaces in between? - ANSWER Loose connective tissue (areolar tissue) 54. What type of connective tissue is reinforced by bundles of fibers providing tensile strength, elasticity, and protection? - ANSWER Dense connective tissue 55. What type of connective tissue provides structure and strength to the body and protects soft tissues like bones and cartilages? - ANSWER Supportive connective tissue 56. What type of specialized cells circulate as a watery fluid in blood and lymph? - ANSWER Fluid connective tissue 57. What is the most abundant cell in connective tissue that secretes protein fibers and matrix into the extracellular space? - ANSWER Fibroblast 58. What cells store lipids as droplets that fill most of the cytoplasm? - ANSWER Adipocytes 59. A type of cartilage, with elastin as the major protein, characterized by rigid support as well as elasticity - ANSWER Elastic cartilage 60. What type of muscle tissue is characterized by long cylindrical fibers, striated appearance, and many peripherally located nuclei, and is responsible for voluntary movement? - ANSWER Skeletal muscle 61. What type of muscle tissue has short, branched, striated fibers with a single central nucleus and contracts to pump blood? - ANSWER Cardiac muscle 62. What type of muscle tissue is short, spindle-shaped, with no evident striation, and is responsible for involuntary movements in the internal organs? - ANSWER Smooth muscle 63. What is the term for the muscle cell that develops from myoblasts and is involved in voluntary movements? - ANSWER Myocyte 64. What are the specialized cell junctions in cardiac muscle that allow cells to synchronize their actions? - ANSWER Intercalated discs 65. What is the involuntary contraction of skeletal muscles in response to perceived lower than normal body temperature? - ANSWER Shivering