NR507/ NR 507 Midterm Exam (New 2025/20256 Update) Advanced Pathophysiology | Complete Guide with Questions and Verified Answers

NR507- Advanced Pathophysiology Final
Exam {New 2024/2025 Update} Advanced
Pathophysiology | Complete Guide with
Questions and Verified Answers




1. Acute renal failure: Reversible hn hn hn




Determining prognosis- hn




kidneys respond to diuretic with good output; this indicates that kidneys are functioni
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g well
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2. Acute Pyelonephritis: Diagnosing by clinical symptoms alone can be difficult; ca
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n be similar to cystitis
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Diagnosis established by: hn hn




-Urine culture hn




-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be present)
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-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract imaging
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3. Renal Calculi (Renal Stones): Goals of Treatment:
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Manage acute pain Promote hn hn hn hn




passage of stone Reduce size hn hn hn hn hn




of stone hn




Prevent new stone formation hn hn hn




4. Chronic Renal Failure: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive loss of renal
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function associated with systemic disease such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus (
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most significant risk factor), systemic lupus erythematosus or intrinsic kidney diseas
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e
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
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5. Who is a candidate for dialysis?: End-
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stage renal disease (ESRD) is the final stage of CKD with the number one cause being
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diabetes mellitus combined with hypertension.At this point, the patient is completely de
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pendent on dialysis to survive. CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the pati
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, ent's GFR rather than symptoms.
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Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present:
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--Metabolic acidosis. hn




--Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked T- hn hn hn hn hn hn hn hn hn




waves) is an indication for dialysis. --
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Hyperkalemia by itself is not an indication for dialysis. hn hn hn hn hn hn hn hn




--
Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication for dialysis and i
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nclude salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and Ethylene glycol).
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--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
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--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
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6. Stage I CKD: There is kidney damage with normal or elevated GFR 90-
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120
7. Stage II CKD: There is kidney damage with mild decrease in GFR 60-
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89




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