NASM CNC Final Exam Questions And Answers
Verified 100% Correct
Which observational study design allows scientists to hypothesize a potential causal
association?
A. Case study
B. Cross-sectional study
C. Case-control study
D. Cohort study - Answer-D. Cohort study
Which of the following represents a critical evaluation of a study by other scientists?
A. Systematic review
B. Peer review
C. Narrative review
D. Scientific method - Answer-B. Peer review
The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) involves collecting
healthrelated information via telephone interview across the United States. Which term
best describes this research?
A. Case study
B. Case-control study
C. Cohort study
D. Survey - Answer-D. Survey
Which term refers to the ability to get similar results when something is measured under
the same conditions?
A. Test-retest reliability
B. Generalizability
C. Validity
D. External validity - Answer-A. Test-retest reliability
Scientists find that a protein supplement increases lean mass in the elderly. However,
they caution that the results may not apply to other populations, like younger people.
What term best describes what the scientists are referring to?
,A. Selection bias
B. Reliability
C. External validity
D. Test-retest reliability - Answer-C. External validity
Which item represents a high quality, non-peer reviewed source of information?
A. Narrative Review
B. Systematic Review
C. Academic Textbook
D. Position Stand - Answer-C. Academic Textbook
Which term refers to a hypothesis or set of hypotheses for which a large body of high
quality evidence has been accumulated?
A. Randomized controlled trial
B. Prediction
C. Scientific method
D. Theory - Answer-D. Theory
Scientists randomly assign subjects to a low or high carbohydrate group and then look
at changes in body weight over 3 months. Which item represents the independent
variable in this study?
A. Length of study (3 months)
B. Body weight
C. Subjects
D. Diet type - Answer-D. Diet type
Scientists perform a study looking at the effects of caffeine on vertical jump
performance. On one day, they give all the subjects caffeine followed by vertical jump
tests. Two weeks later, they give all the subjects a placebo followed by the same
vertical jump tests. Which term best describes this study design?
A. Factorial
B. Crossover
C. Parallel
D. Observational - Answer-B. Crossover
Which term encompasses the weight of the scientific evidence, field observations, and
individual client needs?
,A. Primary research
B. Science
C. Scientific method
D. Evidence-based practice - Answer-D. Evidence-based practice
Which of the
following represents the lowest level of evidence?
1. Observational research
2. Non-peer reviewed media
3. Peer reviewed editorials and expert opinion
4. Randomized controlled trials - Answer-2. Non-peer reviewed media
Which of the following represents a strength of observational studies?
A. Can establish cause and effect
B. Can determine mechanisms for effects
C. Large subject numbers
D. High degree of control - Answer-C. Large subject numbers
Which term describes the phenomena when a group does not represent the population
a scientist is intending to study?
A. Uncontrolled variable
B. Generalizability
C. Selection bias
D. Recall bias - Answer-C. Selection bias
Scientists find that a protein supplement increases lean mass in the elderly. However,
they caution that the results may not apply to other populations, like younger people.
What term best describes what the scientists are referring to?
A. External validity
B. Selection bias
C. Test-retest reliability
D. Reliability - Answer-A. External validity
Seven studies show Diet A lowers cholesterol more than Diet B. Three studies show no
difference. Assuming all the studies are equivalent in quality, which item best describes
this situation?
A. The weight of the evidence suggests Diet A is more effective for lowering cholesterol
than Diet B, but more data is needed.
B. There are insufficient studies to conclude that Diet A lowers cholesterol more than
Diet B.
C. It is unknown whether Diet A lowers cholesterol more than Diet B.
, D. The weight of the evidence suggests that Diet A and B are equivalent in their ability
to lower cholesterol. - Answer-A. The weight of the evidence suggests Diet A is
more effective for lowering cholesterol than Diet B, but more data is needed.
Scientists gather 20 studies looking at the relationship between protein intake and lean
body mass, and then they statistically analyze them together as a group. What type of
study is this?
A. Narrative review
B. Meta-analysis
C. Randomized controlled trials
D. Observational research - Answer-B. Meta-analysis
A scientist proposes that
sugar is inherently fattening, and performs a study comparing a high-sugar diet to a
low-sugar diet with equal calories. He finds that fat gain was the same between the
diets. Which term describes how this study effects the initial proposal?
A. Falsification
B. Scientific method
C. Prediction
D. Validity - Answer-A. Falsification
A scientist observes that people tend to perform better in a weight training session after
consuming a pre-workout supplement. The scientist proposes that the caffeine in the
supplement is increasing arousal, leading to increased performance. Which term best
describes this scientist's proposal?
A. Prediction
B. Hypothesis
C. Theory
D. Conclusion - Answer-B. Hypothesis
Scientists take 5000 people and have them fill out questionnaires on their dairy intake.
They then compare cancer rates between people with high intakes and low intakes.
What type of study is this?
A. Observational
B. Randomized controlled trial
C. Meta-analysis
D. Anecdotal - Answer-A. Observational
Scientists perform a study comparing 1000 women with breast cancer to 1000 women
without breast cancer. They gather information on the women's diets and look to see if
the women diagnosed with breast cancer had more fat in their diet compared to the
Verified 100% Correct
Which observational study design allows scientists to hypothesize a potential causal
association?
A. Case study
B. Cross-sectional study
C. Case-control study
D. Cohort study - Answer-D. Cohort study
Which of the following represents a critical evaluation of a study by other scientists?
A. Systematic review
B. Peer review
C. Narrative review
D. Scientific method - Answer-B. Peer review
The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) involves collecting
healthrelated information via telephone interview across the United States. Which term
best describes this research?
A. Case study
B. Case-control study
C. Cohort study
D. Survey - Answer-D. Survey
Which term refers to the ability to get similar results when something is measured under
the same conditions?
A. Test-retest reliability
B. Generalizability
C. Validity
D. External validity - Answer-A. Test-retest reliability
Scientists find that a protein supplement increases lean mass in the elderly. However,
they caution that the results may not apply to other populations, like younger people.
What term best describes what the scientists are referring to?
,A. Selection bias
B. Reliability
C. External validity
D. Test-retest reliability - Answer-C. External validity
Which item represents a high quality, non-peer reviewed source of information?
A. Narrative Review
B. Systematic Review
C. Academic Textbook
D. Position Stand - Answer-C. Academic Textbook
Which term refers to a hypothesis or set of hypotheses for which a large body of high
quality evidence has been accumulated?
A. Randomized controlled trial
B. Prediction
C. Scientific method
D. Theory - Answer-D. Theory
Scientists randomly assign subjects to a low or high carbohydrate group and then look
at changes in body weight over 3 months. Which item represents the independent
variable in this study?
A. Length of study (3 months)
B. Body weight
C. Subjects
D. Diet type - Answer-D. Diet type
Scientists perform a study looking at the effects of caffeine on vertical jump
performance. On one day, they give all the subjects caffeine followed by vertical jump
tests. Two weeks later, they give all the subjects a placebo followed by the same
vertical jump tests. Which term best describes this study design?
A. Factorial
B. Crossover
C. Parallel
D. Observational - Answer-B. Crossover
Which term encompasses the weight of the scientific evidence, field observations, and
individual client needs?
,A. Primary research
B. Science
C. Scientific method
D. Evidence-based practice - Answer-D. Evidence-based practice
Which of the
following represents the lowest level of evidence?
1. Observational research
2. Non-peer reviewed media
3. Peer reviewed editorials and expert opinion
4. Randomized controlled trials - Answer-2. Non-peer reviewed media
Which of the following represents a strength of observational studies?
A. Can establish cause and effect
B. Can determine mechanisms for effects
C. Large subject numbers
D. High degree of control - Answer-C. Large subject numbers
Which term describes the phenomena when a group does not represent the population
a scientist is intending to study?
A. Uncontrolled variable
B. Generalizability
C. Selection bias
D. Recall bias - Answer-C. Selection bias
Scientists find that a protein supplement increases lean mass in the elderly. However,
they caution that the results may not apply to other populations, like younger people.
What term best describes what the scientists are referring to?
A. External validity
B. Selection bias
C. Test-retest reliability
D. Reliability - Answer-A. External validity
Seven studies show Diet A lowers cholesterol more than Diet B. Three studies show no
difference. Assuming all the studies are equivalent in quality, which item best describes
this situation?
A. The weight of the evidence suggests Diet A is more effective for lowering cholesterol
than Diet B, but more data is needed.
B. There are insufficient studies to conclude that Diet A lowers cholesterol more than
Diet B.
C. It is unknown whether Diet A lowers cholesterol more than Diet B.
, D. The weight of the evidence suggests that Diet A and B are equivalent in their ability
to lower cholesterol. - Answer-A. The weight of the evidence suggests Diet A is
more effective for lowering cholesterol than Diet B, but more data is needed.
Scientists gather 20 studies looking at the relationship between protein intake and lean
body mass, and then they statistically analyze them together as a group. What type of
study is this?
A. Narrative review
B. Meta-analysis
C. Randomized controlled trials
D. Observational research - Answer-B. Meta-analysis
A scientist proposes that
sugar is inherently fattening, and performs a study comparing a high-sugar diet to a
low-sugar diet with equal calories. He finds that fat gain was the same between the
diets. Which term describes how this study effects the initial proposal?
A. Falsification
B. Scientific method
C. Prediction
D. Validity - Answer-A. Falsification
A scientist observes that people tend to perform better in a weight training session after
consuming a pre-workout supplement. The scientist proposes that the caffeine in the
supplement is increasing arousal, leading to increased performance. Which term best
describes this scientist's proposal?
A. Prediction
B. Hypothesis
C. Theory
D. Conclusion - Answer-B. Hypothesis
Scientists take 5000 people and have them fill out questionnaires on their dairy intake.
They then compare cancer rates between people with high intakes and low intakes.
What type of study is this?
A. Observational
B. Randomized controlled trial
C. Meta-analysis
D. Anecdotal - Answer-A. Observational
Scientists perform a study comparing 1000 women with breast cancer to 1000 women
without breast cancer. They gather information on the women's diets and look to see if
the women diagnosed with breast cancer had more fat in their diet compared to the
