NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 1 (2025
updated) Questions And Correct Answers (Verified
Answers) Plus Rationales 2025 Q&A | Instant Download
University of Texas - Arlington
1. Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of type 1
diabetes mellitus?
A) Insulin resistance due to obesity
B) Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
C) Excessive insulin production
D) Decreased glucagon secretion
B) Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
This leads to an absolute deficiency of insulin, which characterizes type 1
diabetes mellitus.
2. In heart failure, which compensatory mechanism initially helps maintain
cardiac output?
A) Decreased heart rate
B) Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
C) Decreased sympathetic nervous system activity
D) Vasodilation
,B) Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
RAAS activation causes vasoconstriction and fluid retention to increase blood
volume and pressure, compensating for decreased cardiac output.
3. What is the primary pathophysiologic change in acute respiratory distress
syndrome (ARDS)?
A) Alveolar hyperinflation
B) Surfactant deficiency and increased alveolar-capillary permeability
C) Bronchospasm
D) Increased airway resistance
B) Surfactant deficiency and increased alveolar-capillary permeability
This results in alveolar collapse, pulmonary edema, and impaired gas exchange.
4. Which electrolyte imbalance is most commonly associated with chronic
kidney disease?
A) Hypokalemia
B) Hyperkalemia
C) Hypernatremia
D) Hypocalcemia
B) Hyperkalemia
Impaired renal potassium excretion in chronic kidney disease leads to elevated
potassium levels.
, 5. What is the hallmark cellular change in reversible cell injury?
A) Nuclear fragmentation
B) Mitochondrial swelling
C) Plasma membrane rupture
D) DNA degradation
B) Mitochondrial swelling
Mitochondrial swelling is an early sign of reversible injury, indicating impaired
ATP production.
6. Which of the following best explains why patients with cirrhosis develop
ascites?
A) Increased albumin synthesis
B) Portal hypertension and hypoalbuminemia
C) Excess aldosterone excretion
D) Increased lymphatic drainage
B) Portal hypertension and hypoalbuminemia
Portal hypertension increases hydrostatic pressure and hypoalbuminemia
decreases oncotic pressure, causing fluid to accumulate in the peritoneal cavity.
7. What triggers the inflammatory response in acute inflammation?
A) Activation of B lymphocytes
B) Release of histamine and prostaglandins by mast cells
, C) Antibody-antigen complexes
D) Decreased vascular permeability
B) Release of histamine and prostaglandins by mast cells
These mediators cause vasodilation and increased vascular permeability,
hallmark features of acute inflammation.
8. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by IgE antibodies?
A) Type I
B) Type II
C) Type III
D) Type IV
A) Type I
Type I hypersensitivity involves IgE antibodies triggering mast cell
degranulation, causing immediate allergic reactions.
9. In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the primary
pathophysiologic feature is:
A) Alveolar destruction and airway obstruction
B) Pulmonary embolism
C) Pulmonary fibrosis
D) Bronchial hyperreactivity without obstruction
updated) Questions And Correct Answers (Verified
Answers) Plus Rationales 2025 Q&A | Instant Download
University of Texas - Arlington
1. Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of type 1
diabetes mellitus?
A) Insulin resistance due to obesity
B) Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
C) Excessive insulin production
D) Decreased glucagon secretion
B) Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
This leads to an absolute deficiency of insulin, which characterizes type 1
diabetes mellitus.
2. In heart failure, which compensatory mechanism initially helps maintain
cardiac output?
A) Decreased heart rate
B) Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
C) Decreased sympathetic nervous system activity
D) Vasodilation
,B) Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
RAAS activation causes vasoconstriction and fluid retention to increase blood
volume and pressure, compensating for decreased cardiac output.
3. What is the primary pathophysiologic change in acute respiratory distress
syndrome (ARDS)?
A) Alveolar hyperinflation
B) Surfactant deficiency and increased alveolar-capillary permeability
C) Bronchospasm
D) Increased airway resistance
B) Surfactant deficiency and increased alveolar-capillary permeability
This results in alveolar collapse, pulmonary edema, and impaired gas exchange.
4. Which electrolyte imbalance is most commonly associated with chronic
kidney disease?
A) Hypokalemia
B) Hyperkalemia
C) Hypernatremia
D) Hypocalcemia
B) Hyperkalemia
Impaired renal potassium excretion in chronic kidney disease leads to elevated
potassium levels.
, 5. What is the hallmark cellular change in reversible cell injury?
A) Nuclear fragmentation
B) Mitochondrial swelling
C) Plasma membrane rupture
D) DNA degradation
B) Mitochondrial swelling
Mitochondrial swelling is an early sign of reversible injury, indicating impaired
ATP production.
6. Which of the following best explains why patients with cirrhosis develop
ascites?
A) Increased albumin synthesis
B) Portal hypertension and hypoalbuminemia
C) Excess aldosterone excretion
D) Increased lymphatic drainage
B) Portal hypertension and hypoalbuminemia
Portal hypertension increases hydrostatic pressure and hypoalbuminemia
decreases oncotic pressure, causing fluid to accumulate in the peritoneal cavity.
7. What triggers the inflammatory response in acute inflammation?
A) Activation of B lymphocytes
B) Release of histamine and prostaglandins by mast cells
, C) Antibody-antigen complexes
D) Decreased vascular permeability
B) Release of histamine and prostaglandins by mast cells
These mediators cause vasodilation and increased vascular permeability,
hallmark features of acute inflammation.
8. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by IgE antibodies?
A) Type I
B) Type II
C) Type III
D) Type IV
A) Type I
Type I hypersensitivity involves IgE antibodies triggering mast cell
degranulation, causing immediate allergic reactions.
9. In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the primary
pathophysiologic feature is:
A) Alveolar destruction and airway obstruction
B) Pulmonary embolism
C) Pulmonary fibrosis
D) Bronchial hyperreactivity without obstruction
