NUR 529 EXAM 3 – SEMESTER 1, 2025
FULL EXAM BLUEPRINT & VERIFIED
ANSWERS
Comprehensive Guide for Advanced Pathophysiology
Prepared for University of Alabama, Semester 1, 2025
Curated by Nursing Education Experts
,Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 Pathophysiology Foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1 Question 1: Definition of Pathophysiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2 Question 2: Homeostasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.3 Question 3: Cellular Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.4 Question 4: Inflammation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.5 Question 5: Acute vs. Chronic Inflammation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.6 Question 6: Apoptosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.7 Question 7: Necrosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.8 Question 8: Hypoxia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.9 Question 9: Oxidative Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.10 Question 10: Etiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.11 Question 11: Pathogenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.12 Question 12: Risk Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.13 Question 13: Clinical Manifestations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.14 Question 14: Compensatory Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.15 Question 15: Atrophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.16 Question 16: Hypertrophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.17 Question 17: Metaplasia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.18 Question 18: Dysplasia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.19 Question 19: Neoplasia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.20 Question 20: Genetic Mutations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.21 Question 21: Immune Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.22 Question 22: Autoimmune Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.23 Question 23: Hypersensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.24 Question 24: Ischemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.25 Question 25: Infarction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.26 Question 26: Edema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.27 Question 27: Thrombosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.28 Question 28: Embolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.29 Question 29: Shock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.30 Question 30: Sepsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3 System-Specific Pathophysiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.1 Cardiovascular System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.2 Respiratory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.3 Neurological System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.4 Renal System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.5 Endocrine System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.6 Gastrointestinal System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.7 Musculoskeletal System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4 Advanced Pathophysiology Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.1 Question 106: What is the role of cytokines in disease? . . . . . . . . . 14
4.2 Question 107: What is the pathophysiology of cancer? . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.3 Question 108: What is metabolic syndrome? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.4 Question 109: What is the role of oxidative stress in aging? . . . . . . . 15
4.5 Question 110: What is the pathophysiology of septic shock? . . . . . . 15
1
, NUR 529 Exam 3 Blueprint Semester 1 2025 July 4, 2025
4.6 Question 111: What is the role of genetics in disease? . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.7 Question 112: What is the pathophysiology of anaphylaxis? . . . . . . 15
4.8 Question 113: What is the role of the complement system? . . . . . . . 15
4.9 Question 114: What is the pathophysiology of diabetes complications? 16
4.10 Question 115: What is the role of inflammation in chronic disease? . . 16
4.11 Question 116: What is the pathophysiology of organ rejection? . . . . 16
4.12 Question 117: What is the role of hypoxia in disease? . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.13 Question 118: What is the pathophysiology of shock? . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.14 Question 119: What is the role of apoptosis in disease? . . . . . . . . . 16
4.15 Question 120: What is the pathophysiology of autoimmune diseases? 16
4.16 Question 121: What is the role of oxidative stress in cardiovascular
disease? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.17 Question 122: What is the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative dis-
eases? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.18 Question 123: What is the role of the microbiome in disease? . . . . . 17
4.19 Question 124: What is the pathophysiology of obesity? . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.20 Question 125: What is the role of stress in pathophysiology? . . . . . . 17
4.21 Question 126: What is the pathophysiology of hypertension? . . . . . . 17
4.22 Question 127: What is the role of epigenetics in disease? . . . . . . . . 18
4.23 Question 128: What is the pathophysiology of heart failure? . . . . . . 18
4.24 Question 129: What is the role of inflammation in cancer? . . . . . . . 18
4.25 Question 130: What is the pathophysiology of renal failure? . . . . . . 18
4.26 Question 131: What is the role of cytokines in sepsis? . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.27 Question 132: What is the pathophysiology of asthma? . . . . . . . . . 18
4.28 Question 133: What is the role of hypoxia in cancer? . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.29 Question 134: What is the pathophysiology of stroke? . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.30 Question 135: What is the role of the immune system in chronic disease? 19
5 Clinical Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.1 Question 136: How is myocardial infarction diagnosed? . . . . . . . . . 19
5.2 Question 137: How is COPD managed in clinical practice? . . . . . . . . 19
5.3 Question 138: How is stroke assessed clinically? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.4 Question 139: How is diabetes mellitus managed? . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.5 Question 140: How is renal failure monitored? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5.6 Question 141: How is sepsis treated? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5.7 Question 142: How is asthma managed clinically? . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5.8 Question 143: How is heart failure treated? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5.9 Question 144: How is inflammation managed in chronic disease? . . . 20
5.10 Question 145: How is hypertension managed? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5.11 Question 146: How is autoimmune disease treated? . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5.12 Question 147: How is cancer diagnosed? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5.13 Question 148: How is shock managed clinically? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5.14 Question 149: How is neurological function assessed? . . . . . . . . . . 21
5.15 Question 150: How is chronic kidney disease managed? . . . . . . . . . 21
6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Page 2 of 21
FULL EXAM BLUEPRINT & VERIFIED
ANSWERS
Comprehensive Guide for Advanced Pathophysiology
Prepared for University of Alabama, Semester 1, 2025
Curated by Nursing Education Experts
,Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 Pathophysiology Foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1 Question 1: Definition of Pathophysiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2 Question 2: Homeostasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.3 Question 3: Cellular Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.4 Question 4: Inflammation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.5 Question 5: Acute vs. Chronic Inflammation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.6 Question 6: Apoptosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.7 Question 7: Necrosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.8 Question 8: Hypoxia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.9 Question 9: Oxidative Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.10 Question 10: Etiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.11 Question 11: Pathogenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.12 Question 12: Risk Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.13 Question 13: Clinical Manifestations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.14 Question 14: Compensatory Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.15 Question 15: Atrophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.16 Question 16: Hypertrophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.17 Question 17: Metaplasia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.18 Question 18: Dysplasia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.19 Question 19: Neoplasia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.20 Question 20: Genetic Mutations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.21 Question 21: Immune Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.22 Question 22: Autoimmune Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.23 Question 23: Hypersensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.24 Question 24: Ischemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.25 Question 25: Infarction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.26 Question 26: Edema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.27 Question 27: Thrombosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.28 Question 28: Embolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.29 Question 29: Shock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.30 Question 30: Sepsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3 System-Specific Pathophysiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.1 Cardiovascular System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.2 Respiratory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.3 Neurological System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.4 Renal System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.5 Endocrine System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.6 Gastrointestinal System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.7 Musculoskeletal System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4 Advanced Pathophysiology Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.1 Question 106: What is the role of cytokines in disease? . . . . . . . . . 14
4.2 Question 107: What is the pathophysiology of cancer? . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.3 Question 108: What is metabolic syndrome? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.4 Question 109: What is the role of oxidative stress in aging? . . . . . . . 15
4.5 Question 110: What is the pathophysiology of septic shock? . . . . . . 15
1
, NUR 529 Exam 3 Blueprint Semester 1 2025 July 4, 2025
4.6 Question 111: What is the role of genetics in disease? . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.7 Question 112: What is the pathophysiology of anaphylaxis? . . . . . . 15
4.8 Question 113: What is the role of the complement system? . . . . . . . 15
4.9 Question 114: What is the pathophysiology of diabetes complications? 16
4.10 Question 115: What is the role of inflammation in chronic disease? . . 16
4.11 Question 116: What is the pathophysiology of organ rejection? . . . . 16
4.12 Question 117: What is the role of hypoxia in disease? . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.13 Question 118: What is the pathophysiology of shock? . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.14 Question 119: What is the role of apoptosis in disease? . . . . . . . . . 16
4.15 Question 120: What is the pathophysiology of autoimmune diseases? 16
4.16 Question 121: What is the role of oxidative stress in cardiovascular
disease? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.17 Question 122: What is the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative dis-
eases? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.18 Question 123: What is the role of the microbiome in disease? . . . . . 17
4.19 Question 124: What is the pathophysiology of obesity? . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.20 Question 125: What is the role of stress in pathophysiology? . . . . . . 17
4.21 Question 126: What is the pathophysiology of hypertension? . . . . . . 17
4.22 Question 127: What is the role of epigenetics in disease? . . . . . . . . 18
4.23 Question 128: What is the pathophysiology of heart failure? . . . . . . 18
4.24 Question 129: What is the role of inflammation in cancer? . . . . . . . 18
4.25 Question 130: What is the pathophysiology of renal failure? . . . . . . 18
4.26 Question 131: What is the role of cytokines in sepsis? . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.27 Question 132: What is the pathophysiology of asthma? . . . . . . . . . 18
4.28 Question 133: What is the role of hypoxia in cancer? . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.29 Question 134: What is the pathophysiology of stroke? . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.30 Question 135: What is the role of the immune system in chronic disease? 19
5 Clinical Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.1 Question 136: How is myocardial infarction diagnosed? . . . . . . . . . 19
5.2 Question 137: How is COPD managed in clinical practice? . . . . . . . . 19
5.3 Question 138: How is stroke assessed clinically? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.4 Question 139: How is diabetes mellitus managed? . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.5 Question 140: How is renal failure monitored? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5.6 Question 141: How is sepsis treated? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5.7 Question 142: How is asthma managed clinically? . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5.8 Question 143: How is heart failure treated? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5.9 Question 144: How is inflammation managed in chronic disease? . . . 20
5.10 Question 145: How is hypertension managed? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5.11 Question 146: How is autoimmune disease treated? . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5.12 Question 147: How is cancer diagnosed? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5.13 Question 148: How is shock managed clinically? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5.14 Question 149: How is neurological function assessed? . . . . . . . . . . 21
5.15 Question 150: How is chronic kidney disease managed? . . . . . . . . . 21
6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
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