EXAM 1 REVIEW: NU-641
PHARMACOLOGY/ADVANCED
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, 2025/2026
WITH CORRECT/ACCURATE ANSWERS
When should thiazides NOT be used?
if creatinine clearance is less than 30-50 ml/min
Angiotensin II
increases blood pressure by stimulating kidneys to reabsorb more
water and by releasing aldosterone
Vasoconstrictor
What structural changes does angiotensin II do to the heart?
Hypertrophy
Remodeling.
True or False
Angiotensin II is NOT responsible for increasing the thickness of
blood vessel walls.
False
Angiotensin II is responsible for increasing the thickness of the
vessel walls.
True of False
Aldosterone, like Angiotensin II, causes cardiac remodeling and
fibrosis.
, True
What is Aldosterone's effect on the heart
Activates the sympathetic nervous system but will suppress the
uptake of norepinephrine.
When should an ACE inhibitor and ARB not be prescribed
together?
When the patient is at high risk for developing vascular events
and renal dysfunction.
ACE inhibitors MOA
Inhibit ACE--> decrease angiotensin II--> decrease GFR (prevent
constriction of efferent arteriole)
Increasing levels of renin (loss of feedback)
ACE inhibition--> prevents inactivation of bradykinin (vasodilator)
limits the production of angiotensin II
ARBs MOA
Block angiotensin-2 type 1 receptors (AT1 receptor)
Decrease BP via arteriolar and venous dilation
Block aldosterone secretion (decreased Na2+ and H2O retention)
Does NOT increase Bradykinin levels
Decrease diabetic nephrotoxicity
Aldosterone Antagonists MOA
Compete with aldosterone for receptors in the kidneys, block
aldosterone receptors leading to increased sodium and water
excretion
Aldosterone Antagonists agents
PHARMACOLOGY/ADVANCED
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, 2025/2026
WITH CORRECT/ACCURATE ANSWERS
When should thiazides NOT be used?
if creatinine clearance is less than 30-50 ml/min
Angiotensin II
increases blood pressure by stimulating kidneys to reabsorb more
water and by releasing aldosterone
Vasoconstrictor
What structural changes does angiotensin II do to the heart?
Hypertrophy
Remodeling.
True or False
Angiotensin II is NOT responsible for increasing the thickness of
blood vessel walls.
False
Angiotensin II is responsible for increasing the thickness of the
vessel walls.
True of False
Aldosterone, like Angiotensin II, causes cardiac remodeling and
fibrosis.
, True
What is Aldosterone's effect on the heart
Activates the sympathetic nervous system but will suppress the
uptake of norepinephrine.
When should an ACE inhibitor and ARB not be prescribed
together?
When the patient is at high risk for developing vascular events
and renal dysfunction.
ACE inhibitors MOA
Inhibit ACE--> decrease angiotensin II--> decrease GFR (prevent
constriction of efferent arteriole)
Increasing levels of renin (loss of feedback)
ACE inhibition--> prevents inactivation of bradykinin (vasodilator)
limits the production of angiotensin II
ARBs MOA
Block angiotensin-2 type 1 receptors (AT1 receptor)
Decrease BP via arteriolar and venous dilation
Block aldosterone secretion (decreased Na2+ and H2O retention)
Does NOT increase Bradykinin levels
Decrease diabetic nephrotoxicity
Aldosterone Antagonists MOA
Compete with aldosterone for receptors in the kidneys, block
aldosterone receptors leading to increased sodium and water
excretion
Aldosterone Antagonists agents
