UCF - Human Physiology
Lecture Exam 2 with 100%
correct answers ( graded A+)
Nervous system has 3 parts: - answer Motor, sensory and
autonomic
ANS - answer Automatic processes (breathing and blood pressure)
and Innervation of internal organs in abdominal cavity, thoracic
cavity and smooth muscle of bloodless cells
Two parts of ANS - answer Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
Sympathetic system - answer This system is activated when the
body is active and it increases heart rate, increases contractility
of myocardium, relaxes m. of bronchi, contracts blood vessels,
increases blood flow, increase blood pressure, stimulates sweat
glands and inhibits digestive system
Location of Sympathetic - answer Spinal cord from T1-L2/L3
(Thoracolumbar) and occurs in: heart, lung, sweat glands and
blood vessels
Parasympathetic system - answer This system is active when you
are resting ("Rest and digest") and it decreases heart rate,
,decreases respiratory system, increases digestive system,
increases secretion of gastric hormones
Location of Parasympathetic - answer Brain stem (CN 3, 7, 9, 10),
pelvic splanchnic nerve and sacral portion of spinal cord (S2-S4)
Sympathetic system physiological steps - answer 1. Pre-ganglionic
2. Sympathetic chain
3. Post-ganglionic
4. Internal organ
Norepinephrine on Alpha 1 receptors - answer *Location: blood
vessel, urinary bladder, GI tract
1. Norepinephrine binds to Alpha 1 receptor
2. Activates a protein which normally exists in cytoplasm called g-
protein. G protein itself has 3 subunits: alpha, beta and gamma
(only need alpha in this case) and alpha has 2 subunits: S
(stimulator) and I (inhibitor). Activates G protein alpha S
3. Activates phospholipase-C
4. After, it activated another enzyme IP3
5. Activates S4 (sarcoplasmic reticulum)
6. Releasing of Calcium into cytoplasm from SR
7. Concentration of Ca increases in cytoplasm then it binds to
troponin-C (activates microfilaments and causes muscle
contraction) Contraction and constriction is purpose
,Norepinephrine on Alpha 2 receptors - answer *Location: GI tract,
fat cells, pre-synaptic compartment, etc.
1. Norepinephrine binds to alpha-2 receptor
2. Activates G-protein Alpha I
3. Prevents AC (adenylate cyclase)
4. Decreases intracellular energy (CAMP)
5. Inhibition occurs; relaxation or dilation of smooth muscle
Excess norepinephrine binding to alpha can cause? - answer
Hypertension
Norepinephrine on Beta 1 receptors - answer *Location: heart in
SA node, AV node and myocardium
1. Norepinephrine binds to Beta-1 receptor
2. Activated G-protein alpha S
3. Activates AC
4. Increases CAMP (intracellular energy)
5. Shows its physiological reaction: increases heart rate,
contractility of myocardium and conduction velocity (related to
SA/AV nodes)
When patient has tachycardia due to exceess norepinephrine, you
can use what to decrease heart rate? - answer Beta-1 blocker
(called propranolol)
, Norepinephrine on Beta 2 receptors - answer *Location: urinary
bladder sphincter and respiratory system (smooth muscle of
bronchi)
1. Norepinephrine binds to Beta-2 receptor
2. Activates G protein alpha s
3. Activates AC
4. Increases CAMP
5. Effect: relaxes smooth muscle
Asthma patients use medications that affect what norepinephrine
receptor? - answer Beta-2 (albuterol)
Differences in sympathetic and parasympathetic - answer 1. The
pre-ganglionic fiber of sympathetic system is shorter than
parasympathetic
2. The pre-ganglionic fiber of parasympathetic travels toward the
wall of internal organs and then has synapse with post-ganglionic
fibers inside wall but pre-ganglionic of sympathetic synapses with
post-ganglionic fiber inside the sympathetic chain/ganglia
3. The neurotransmitter of pre-ganglionic fiber of sympathetic is
ACH and post-ganglionic fiber of sympathetic is norepinephrine
but parasympathetic neurotransmitters in both pre-ganglionic and
post-ganglionic is ACH
4. Name of receptor for norepinephrine is adrenergic receptor and
receptor for ACH is cholinergic receptor (cholinergic has
muscarinic and nicotinic receptors)
Lecture Exam 2 with 100%
correct answers ( graded A+)
Nervous system has 3 parts: - answer Motor, sensory and
autonomic
ANS - answer Automatic processes (breathing and blood pressure)
and Innervation of internal organs in abdominal cavity, thoracic
cavity and smooth muscle of bloodless cells
Two parts of ANS - answer Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
Sympathetic system - answer This system is activated when the
body is active and it increases heart rate, increases contractility
of myocardium, relaxes m. of bronchi, contracts blood vessels,
increases blood flow, increase blood pressure, stimulates sweat
glands and inhibits digestive system
Location of Sympathetic - answer Spinal cord from T1-L2/L3
(Thoracolumbar) and occurs in: heart, lung, sweat glands and
blood vessels
Parasympathetic system - answer This system is active when you
are resting ("Rest and digest") and it decreases heart rate,
,decreases respiratory system, increases digestive system,
increases secretion of gastric hormones
Location of Parasympathetic - answer Brain stem (CN 3, 7, 9, 10),
pelvic splanchnic nerve and sacral portion of spinal cord (S2-S4)
Sympathetic system physiological steps - answer 1. Pre-ganglionic
2. Sympathetic chain
3. Post-ganglionic
4. Internal organ
Norepinephrine on Alpha 1 receptors - answer *Location: blood
vessel, urinary bladder, GI tract
1. Norepinephrine binds to Alpha 1 receptor
2. Activates a protein which normally exists in cytoplasm called g-
protein. G protein itself has 3 subunits: alpha, beta and gamma
(only need alpha in this case) and alpha has 2 subunits: S
(stimulator) and I (inhibitor). Activates G protein alpha S
3. Activates phospholipase-C
4. After, it activated another enzyme IP3
5. Activates S4 (sarcoplasmic reticulum)
6. Releasing of Calcium into cytoplasm from SR
7. Concentration of Ca increases in cytoplasm then it binds to
troponin-C (activates microfilaments and causes muscle
contraction) Contraction and constriction is purpose
,Norepinephrine on Alpha 2 receptors - answer *Location: GI tract,
fat cells, pre-synaptic compartment, etc.
1. Norepinephrine binds to alpha-2 receptor
2. Activates G-protein Alpha I
3. Prevents AC (adenylate cyclase)
4. Decreases intracellular energy (CAMP)
5. Inhibition occurs; relaxation or dilation of smooth muscle
Excess norepinephrine binding to alpha can cause? - answer
Hypertension
Norepinephrine on Beta 1 receptors - answer *Location: heart in
SA node, AV node and myocardium
1. Norepinephrine binds to Beta-1 receptor
2. Activated G-protein alpha S
3. Activates AC
4. Increases CAMP (intracellular energy)
5. Shows its physiological reaction: increases heart rate,
contractility of myocardium and conduction velocity (related to
SA/AV nodes)
When patient has tachycardia due to exceess norepinephrine, you
can use what to decrease heart rate? - answer Beta-1 blocker
(called propranolol)
, Norepinephrine on Beta 2 receptors - answer *Location: urinary
bladder sphincter and respiratory system (smooth muscle of
bronchi)
1. Norepinephrine binds to Beta-2 receptor
2. Activates G protein alpha s
3. Activates AC
4. Increases CAMP
5. Effect: relaxes smooth muscle
Asthma patients use medications that affect what norepinephrine
receptor? - answer Beta-2 (albuterol)
Differences in sympathetic and parasympathetic - answer 1. The
pre-ganglionic fiber of sympathetic system is shorter than
parasympathetic
2. The pre-ganglionic fiber of parasympathetic travels toward the
wall of internal organs and then has synapse with post-ganglionic
fibers inside wall but pre-ganglionic of sympathetic synapses with
post-ganglionic fiber inside the sympathetic chain/ganglia
3. The neurotransmitter of pre-ganglionic fiber of sympathetic is
ACH and post-ganglionic fiber of sympathetic is norepinephrine
but parasympathetic neurotransmitters in both pre-ganglionic and
post-ganglionic is ACH
4. Name of receptor for norepinephrine is adrenergic receptor and
receptor for ACH is cholinergic receptor (cholinergic has
muscarinic and nicotinic receptors)
