TEST BANK FOR PHILOSOPHIES AND THEORIES FOR ADVANCED NURSING PRACTICE 3RD
EDITION JANIE B. BUTTS AND KAREN L. RICH
,CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 – PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE: AN INTRODUCTION ..................................................... 3
CHAPTER 2 – THE EVOLUTION OF NURSING SCIENCE ................................................................. 6
CHAPTER 3 – THE ESSENTIALS OF THE DOCTOR OF NURSING PRACTICE: A PHILOSOPHICAL
PERSPECTIVE ...............................................................................................................................11
CHAPTER 4 – THEORY AS PRACTICE............................................................................................14
CHAPTER 5 – COMPONENTS AND LEVELS OF ABSTRACTION IN NURSING KNOWLEDGE ..........18
CHAPTER 6 – COMPLEXITY SCIENCE AND COMPLEX ADAPTIVE SYSTEMS .................................21
CHAPTER 7 – CRITICAL THEORY AND EMANCIPATORY KNOWLEDGE ........................................25
CHAPTER 8 – FEMINIST ETHICS: SOME APPLICABLE THOUGHTS FOR ADVANCED PRACTICE NURSES
....................................................................................................................................................28
CHAPTER 9 – THEORIES AND MODELS IN ETHICS.......................................................................32
CHAPTER 10 – EDUCATIONAL AND LEARNING THEORIES ..........................................................36
CHAPTER 11 – HEALTH BEHAVIOR THEORIES .............................................................................40
CHAPTER 12 – THEORIES FOCUSED ON INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS ................................43
CHAPTER 13 – ENVIRONMENTAL PHILOSOPHY AND THEORIES ................................................47
CHAPTER 14 – ECONOMIC THEORIES .........................................................................................51
CHAPTER 15 – THEORIES OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND LEADERSHIP ..........................56
CHAPTER 16 – THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO QUALITY IMPROVEMENT.................................60
CHAPTER 17 – THEORIES FOCUSED ON HEALTH INEQUITY AND HEALTH DISPARITY ................63
CHAPTER 18 – MODELS AND THEORIES FOCUSED ON NURSING GOALS AND FUNCTIONS .......66
CHAPTER 19 – MODELS AND THEORIES FOCUSED ON A SYSTEMS APPROACH .........................70
CHAPTER 20 – MODELS AND THEORIES FOCUSED ON HUMAN EXISTENCE AND UNIVERSAL
ENERGY .......................................................................................................................................74
CHAPTER 21 – MODELS AND THEORIES FOCUSED ON COMPETENCIES AND SKILLS .................77
CHAPTER 22– THEORIES FOCUSED ON CARING .........................................................................81
CHAPTER 23 – MODELS AND THEORIES FOCUSED ON CULTURE ...............................................84
CHAPTER 24 – THE PRAXIS THEORY OF SUFFERING ...................................................................88
CHAPTER 26 – USING THEORY IN EVIDENCE-BASED ADVANCED NURSING PRACTICE ..............95
,CHAPTER 1 – PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE: AN INTRODUCTION
1. WHY ARE NATURAL SCIENCES ALSO REFERRED TO AS “PURE” SCIENCES?
A. THEY ARE CONSIDERED STAND-ALONE BODIES OF UNIQUE KNOWLEDGE.
B. THEY ARE THE ONLY SCIENCES TO WHICH THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD CAN BE APPLIED.
C. THEY ARE THE ORIGINAL SCIENCES UPON WHICH ALL OTHERS ARE BASED.
D. THEY ARE NOT AFFECTED BY SUBJECTIVITY IN THE WAY OTHER SCIENCES ARE.
ANS:A
2. WHICH IS NOT AN EXAMPLE OF AN APPLIED SCIENCE AS USED IN HEALTH CARE TODAY?
A. SOCIAL WORK
B. PSYCHOTHERAPY
C. EXAMINATION OF CARE DISPARITIES
D. PATHOLOGY
ANS:D
3. ROBERTA FIRMLY BELIEVES THAT INDIVIDUAL EXPERIENCES ARE THE SOURCE OF ALL
KNOWLEDGE IN THE WORLD. AS A SCIENTIST, SHE ACKNOWLEDGES HER ROLE AS A PARTICIPANT IN
THE EXPERIMENTS SHE PERFORMS AND DOES CONSIDER HERSELF MERELY A DISCONNECTED
OBSERVER OF PHENOMENON. ROBERTA’S VIEWS ARE MOST CLOSTEELYSRTEFBLEACTNIVKESOEF
WLHLIECHRS.CHCOOOML OF SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT?
A. NATURAL SCIENCE
B. HUMAN SCIENCE
C. APPLIED SCIENCE
D. SOFT SCIENCE
ANS:B
4. WHAT IS THE ULTIMATE GOAL OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD?
A. APPLICATION OF SCIENTIFIC RESULTS TO A RELATED BODY OF KNOWLEDGE IN ORDER TO MEET
SOME
,TYPE OF HUMAN NEED.
B. EXAMINATION OF THE DECISIONS MADE BY A SCIENTIST TO UNDERSTAND THE WAYS IN
WHICH SUBJECTIVITY WAS INTRODUCED TO THE EXPERIMENT.
C. REPRODUCIBLE EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS THAT DO NOT TAKE RESEARCHER INDIVIDUALITY INTO
ACCOUNT.
D. IMPROVING THE SITUATION OR PROCESS USED IN THE EXPERIMENT TO YIELD MORE
ACCURATE RESULTS IN REPEAT EXPERIMENTS.
ANS:C
5. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING BEST DESCRIBES THE AIM OF NATURAL SCIENCES?
A. AFFIRMATION OF THE IMPORTANCE OF CULTURAL UNDERSTANDING BY UNCOVERING THE
COMMON SUBJECTIVE BIASES OF DIFFERENT DISCIPLINES.
B. IMPROVEMENT OF THE QUALITY OF LIFE BY UNDERSTANDING WHAT HELPS PEOPLE
MAXIMIZE THEIR FUNCTIONAL ABILITIES.
C. UTILIZATION OF KNOWLEDGE BY APPLYING IT TO A SPECIFIC PURPOSE IN ORDER TO
BETTER A SITUATION OR CHANGE VIEWPOINTS.
D. DEVELOPMENT OF KNOWLEDGE FOR THE SAKE OF DEVELOPING KNOWLEDGE,
DISCOVERING TRUTH, AND CONTROLLING OUTCOMES.
ANS:D
6. GRETCHEN AND PETER ARE GRADUATE STUDENTS IN THE SAME PHYSICS LAB. THEIR
SUPERVISOR HAS ASKED BOTH OF THEM TO PERFORM THE SAME EXPERIMENT USING THE SAME
PROCEDURE AND EQUIPMENT. AFTER THEY’VE BOTH COMPLETED THEIR TASK, THE COMPARE THEIR
RESULTS AND DISCOVER THAT THEY ARE NEARLY IDENTICAL. WHICH OF THE FIVE CRITERIA FOR
SCIENCE DOES GRETCHEN AND
PETER’S DISCOVERY EXEMPLIFY?
A. INTERSUBJECTIVE TESTABILITY
B. RELIABILITY
,C. DEFINITENESS AND PRECISION
D. COHERENCE
ANS:A
7. WHICH STATEMENT DOES NOT DESCRIBE A GENERAL CHARACTERISTIC OF PHILOSOPHY?
A. THINKING FOR THE SAKE OF THINKING.
B. UTILIZATION OF PROCESS AND OUTCOME.
C. DEMARCATION OF WHOLENESS AND HOLISM.
D. APPLICATION OF EPISTEMOLOGY AND ONTOLOGY.
ANS:C
8. REPETITIVE PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOR DICTATED BY PAST EXPERIENCES IS AN EXAMPLE OF
WHICH SOURCE OF KNOWLEDGE?
A. DOCTRINE
B. COMMON SENSE
C. TRADITION
D. AUTHORITY ANS:C
9. FRANCISCO IS A CHEMIST WHO RIGIDLY APPLIES THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD TO ALL THAT HE
DOES, WHETHER IN THE LAB OR OUT OF IT, AND STRONGLY BELIEVES THAT ALL RELATIONSHIPS ARE
GOVERNED BY CAUSE AND EFFECT. HE SEES LITTLE NEED FOR SUBJECTIVITY IN ANY AREA OF HIS LIFE,
BELIEVING INSTEAD THAT THE WORLD IS AN EXTERNAL CONCEPT COMPLETELY INDEPENDENT OF
INDIVIDUAL THOUGHTS OR DESIRES. WHICH PHILOSOPHICAL SCHOOL BEST DESCRIBES
FRANCISCO’S OUTLOOK ON THE WORLD?
A. PHENOMENOLOGY
B. LOGICAL POSITIVISM
, C. HERMENEUTICS
D. POST-STRUCTURALISM
ANS:B
10. WHICH STATEMENT WOULD AN ADHERENT OF THE PERCEIVED VIEW MOST LIKELY MAKE?
A. “OBSERVATION IS COMPLETELY UNBIASED.”
B. “DESCRIPTIVE LAW IS THE GOLD STANDARD OF SCIENCE.”
C. “INDIVIDUAL PHENOMENON MAKE UP THE WHOLE THAT IS THE UNIVERSE.”
D. “THEORIES ARE NEITHER RIGHT NOR WRONG.”
ANS:D
11. WHICH PHILOSOPHY SUBSCRIBES TO THE IDEA THAT THE UNIVERSE IS A WHOLE MADE OF
INTERRELATED PARTS?
A. LOGICAL POSITIVISM
B. CHAOS AND COMPLEXITY
C. POST-STRUCTURALISM
D. HERMENEUTICS
ANS:B
CHAPTER 2 – THE EVOLUTION OF NURSING SCIENCE
1. HISTORICALLY, NURSING PREPARATION WAS REFERRED TO AS “TRAINING,” AND MANY
NURSES EDUCATED THROUGH THE 1970S STILL USE THIS TERM TO REFER TO THEIR EDUCATION.
WHY IS THIS TERMINOLOGY PARTICULARLY PROBLEMATIC IN LIGHT OF THE ADVANCES MADE IN
NURSING SCIENCE IN THE LAST 30 YEARS?
A. ON-THE-JOB APPRENTICESHIPS ARE NO LONGER AS PREVALENT AS THEY WERE UP THROUGH
THE LATE 1970S AND EARLY 1980S.
B. IT PLACES EMPHASIS ON NURSES’ ABILITIES TO PERFORM TASKS RATHER THAN REASON THROUGH
AND
UNDERSTAND THE PURPOSE OF THEIR ACTIONS.
C. MOST MODERN NURSES PURSUE MASTER’S LEVEL EDUCATION BEYOND THEIR PRACTICE- BASED
BACHELOR’S
EDUCATION.
EDITION JANIE B. BUTTS AND KAREN L. RICH
,CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 – PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE: AN INTRODUCTION ..................................................... 3
CHAPTER 2 – THE EVOLUTION OF NURSING SCIENCE ................................................................. 6
CHAPTER 3 – THE ESSENTIALS OF THE DOCTOR OF NURSING PRACTICE: A PHILOSOPHICAL
PERSPECTIVE ...............................................................................................................................11
CHAPTER 4 – THEORY AS PRACTICE............................................................................................14
CHAPTER 5 – COMPONENTS AND LEVELS OF ABSTRACTION IN NURSING KNOWLEDGE ..........18
CHAPTER 6 – COMPLEXITY SCIENCE AND COMPLEX ADAPTIVE SYSTEMS .................................21
CHAPTER 7 – CRITICAL THEORY AND EMANCIPATORY KNOWLEDGE ........................................25
CHAPTER 8 – FEMINIST ETHICS: SOME APPLICABLE THOUGHTS FOR ADVANCED PRACTICE NURSES
....................................................................................................................................................28
CHAPTER 9 – THEORIES AND MODELS IN ETHICS.......................................................................32
CHAPTER 10 – EDUCATIONAL AND LEARNING THEORIES ..........................................................36
CHAPTER 11 – HEALTH BEHAVIOR THEORIES .............................................................................40
CHAPTER 12 – THEORIES FOCUSED ON INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS ................................43
CHAPTER 13 – ENVIRONMENTAL PHILOSOPHY AND THEORIES ................................................47
CHAPTER 14 – ECONOMIC THEORIES .........................................................................................51
CHAPTER 15 – THEORIES OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND LEADERSHIP ..........................56
CHAPTER 16 – THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO QUALITY IMPROVEMENT.................................60
CHAPTER 17 – THEORIES FOCUSED ON HEALTH INEQUITY AND HEALTH DISPARITY ................63
CHAPTER 18 – MODELS AND THEORIES FOCUSED ON NURSING GOALS AND FUNCTIONS .......66
CHAPTER 19 – MODELS AND THEORIES FOCUSED ON A SYSTEMS APPROACH .........................70
CHAPTER 20 – MODELS AND THEORIES FOCUSED ON HUMAN EXISTENCE AND UNIVERSAL
ENERGY .......................................................................................................................................74
CHAPTER 21 – MODELS AND THEORIES FOCUSED ON COMPETENCIES AND SKILLS .................77
CHAPTER 22– THEORIES FOCUSED ON CARING .........................................................................81
CHAPTER 23 – MODELS AND THEORIES FOCUSED ON CULTURE ...............................................84
CHAPTER 24 – THE PRAXIS THEORY OF SUFFERING ...................................................................88
CHAPTER 26 – USING THEORY IN EVIDENCE-BASED ADVANCED NURSING PRACTICE ..............95
,CHAPTER 1 – PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE: AN INTRODUCTION
1. WHY ARE NATURAL SCIENCES ALSO REFERRED TO AS “PURE” SCIENCES?
A. THEY ARE CONSIDERED STAND-ALONE BODIES OF UNIQUE KNOWLEDGE.
B. THEY ARE THE ONLY SCIENCES TO WHICH THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD CAN BE APPLIED.
C. THEY ARE THE ORIGINAL SCIENCES UPON WHICH ALL OTHERS ARE BASED.
D. THEY ARE NOT AFFECTED BY SUBJECTIVITY IN THE WAY OTHER SCIENCES ARE.
ANS:A
2. WHICH IS NOT AN EXAMPLE OF AN APPLIED SCIENCE AS USED IN HEALTH CARE TODAY?
A. SOCIAL WORK
B. PSYCHOTHERAPY
C. EXAMINATION OF CARE DISPARITIES
D. PATHOLOGY
ANS:D
3. ROBERTA FIRMLY BELIEVES THAT INDIVIDUAL EXPERIENCES ARE THE SOURCE OF ALL
KNOWLEDGE IN THE WORLD. AS A SCIENTIST, SHE ACKNOWLEDGES HER ROLE AS A PARTICIPANT IN
THE EXPERIMENTS SHE PERFORMS AND DOES CONSIDER HERSELF MERELY A DISCONNECTED
OBSERVER OF PHENOMENON. ROBERTA’S VIEWS ARE MOST CLOSTEELYSRTEFBLEACTNIVKESOEF
WLHLIECHRS.CHCOOOML OF SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT?
A. NATURAL SCIENCE
B. HUMAN SCIENCE
C. APPLIED SCIENCE
D. SOFT SCIENCE
ANS:B
4. WHAT IS THE ULTIMATE GOAL OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD?
A. APPLICATION OF SCIENTIFIC RESULTS TO A RELATED BODY OF KNOWLEDGE IN ORDER TO MEET
SOME
,TYPE OF HUMAN NEED.
B. EXAMINATION OF THE DECISIONS MADE BY A SCIENTIST TO UNDERSTAND THE WAYS IN
WHICH SUBJECTIVITY WAS INTRODUCED TO THE EXPERIMENT.
C. REPRODUCIBLE EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS THAT DO NOT TAKE RESEARCHER INDIVIDUALITY INTO
ACCOUNT.
D. IMPROVING THE SITUATION OR PROCESS USED IN THE EXPERIMENT TO YIELD MORE
ACCURATE RESULTS IN REPEAT EXPERIMENTS.
ANS:C
5. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING BEST DESCRIBES THE AIM OF NATURAL SCIENCES?
A. AFFIRMATION OF THE IMPORTANCE OF CULTURAL UNDERSTANDING BY UNCOVERING THE
COMMON SUBJECTIVE BIASES OF DIFFERENT DISCIPLINES.
B. IMPROVEMENT OF THE QUALITY OF LIFE BY UNDERSTANDING WHAT HELPS PEOPLE
MAXIMIZE THEIR FUNCTIONAL ABILITIES.
C. UTILIZATION OF KNOWLEDGE BY APPLYING IT TO A SPECIFIC PURPOSE IN ORDER TO
BETTER A SITUATION OR CHANGE VIEWPOINTS.
D. DEVELOPMENT OF KNOWLEDGE FOR THE SAKE OF DEVELOPING KNOWLEDGE,
DISCOVERING TRUTH, AND CONTROLLING OUTCOMES.
ANS:D
6. GRETCHEN AND PETER ARE GRADUATE STUDENTS IN THE SAME PHYSICS LAB. THEIR
SUPERVISOR HAS ASKED BOTH OF THEM TO PERFORM THE SAME EXPERIMENT USING THE SAME
PROCEDURE AND EQUIPMENT. AFTER THEY’VE BOTH COMPLETED THEIR TASK, THE COMPARE THEIR
RESULTS AND DISCOVER THAT THEY ARE NEARLY IDENTICAL. WHICH OF THE FIVE CRITERIA FOR
SCIENCE DOES GRETCHEN AND
PETER’S DISCOVERY EXEMPLIFY?
A. INTERSUBJECTIVE TESTABILITY
B. RELIABILITY
,C. DEFINITENESS AND PRECISION
D. COHERENCE
ANS:A
7. WHICH STATEMENT DOES NOT DESCRIBE A GENERAL CHARACTERISTIC OF PHILOSOPHY?
A. THINKING FOR THE SAKE OF THINKING.
B. UTILIZATION OF PROCESS AND OUTCOME.
C. DEMARCATION OF WHOLENESS AND HOLISM.
D. APPLICATION OF EPISTEMOLOGY AND ONTOLOGY.
ANS:C
8. REPETITIVE PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOR DICTATED BY PAST EXPERIENCES IS AN EXAMPLE OF
WHICH SOURCE OF KNOWLEDGE?
A. DOCTRINE
B. COMMON SENSE
C. TRADITION
D. AUTHORITY ANS:C
9. FRANCISCO IS A CHEMIST WHO RIGIDLY APPLIES THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD TO ALL THAT HE
DOES, WHETHER IN THE LAB OR OUT OF IT, AND STRONGLY BELIEVES THAT ALL RELATIONSHIPS ARE
GOVERNED BY CAUSE AND EFFECT. HE SEES LITTLE NEED FOR SUBJECTIVITY IN ANY AREA OF HIS LIFE,
BELIEVING INSTEAD THAT THE WORLD IS AN EXTERNAL CONCEPT COMPLETELY INDEPENDENT OF
INDIVIDUAL THOUGHTS OR DESIRES. WHICH PHILOSOPHICAL SCHOOL BEST DESCRIBES
FRANCISCO’S OUTLOOK ON THE WORLD?
A. PHENOMENOLOGY
B. LOGICAL POSITIVISM
, C. HERMENEUTICS
D. POST-STRUCTURALISM
ANS:B
10. WHICH STATEMENT WOULD AN ADHERENT OF THE PERCEIVED VIEW MOST LIKELY MAKE?
A. “OBSERVATION IS COMPLETELY UNBIASED.”
B. “DESCRIPTIVE LAW IS THE GOLD STANDARD OF SCIENCE.”
C. “INDIVIDUAL PHENOMENON MAKE UP THE WHOLE THAT IS THE UNIVERSE.”
D. “THEORIES ARE NEITHER RIGHT NOR WRONG.”
ANS:D
11. WHICH PHILOSOPHY SUBSCRIBES TO THE IDEA THAT THE UNIVERSE IS A WHOLE MADE OF
INTERRELATED PARTS?
A. LOGICAL POSITIVISM
B. CHAOS AND COMPLEXITY
C. POST-STRUCTURALISM
D. HERMENEUTICS
ANS:B
CHAPTER 2 – THE EVOLUTION OF NURSING SCIENCE
1. HISTORICALLY, NURSING PREPARATION WAS REFERRED TO AS “TRAINING,” AND MANY
NURSES EDUCATED THROUGH THE 1970S STILL USE THIS TERM TO REFER TO THEIR EDUCATION.
WHY IS THIS TERMINOLOGY PARTICULARLY PROBLEMATIC IN LIGHT OF THE ADVANCES MADE IN
NURSING SCIENCE IN THE LAST 30 YEARS?
A. ON-THE-JOB APPRENTICESHIPS ARE NO LONGER AS PREVALENT AS THEY WERE UP THROUGH
THE LATE 1970S AND EARLY 1980S.
B. IT PLACES EMPHASIS ON NURSES’ ABILITIES TO PERFORM TASKS RATHER THAN REASON THROUGH
AND
UNDERSTAND THE PURPOSE OF THEIR ACTIONS.
C. MOST MODERN NURSES PURSUE MASTER’S LEVEL EDUCATION BEYOND THEIR PRACTICE- BASED
BACHELOR’S
EDUCATION.
