AQA A-LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY :PAPER 3
NEWEST EXAM 2025 WITH MULTIPLE
CHOICE OF QUESTIONS AND DETAILED
SOLVED SOLUTIONS ALREADY GRADED A+
AND 100% GUARANTEE PASS (JUST
RELEASED!!!!!!)
what is androcentrism - CORRECT ANSWER-when 'normal' behaviour
is judged according to a male standard, so female behaviour
may be misunderstood pathologised (e.g. feminist
commentators say that pre-menstrual syndrome, PMS, is a
social construct that medicalises female emotions while male
anger is often seen as a rational response to external pressures)
evaluate gender bias - CORRECT ANSWER-recognising bias but
contributes to stereotypes, institutional sexism, Worrell's
criteria to avoid gender bias
describe recognising gender bias - CORRECT ANSWER-many modern
researchers are beginning to recognised the effect of their own
bias on their research and embrace it as a crucial and critical
part of research with some including reflection of how their
gender-based experiences influence their interpretation of
events, so reflexivity may lead to greater awareness about the
role of personal biases in future research
describe how gender bias contributes to stereotypes - CORRECT
ANSWER-gender-biased research may create misleading
,assumptions about behaviour and contribute to negative
stereotypes and discrimination, which could provide a scientific
'justification' for denying women opportunities in the
workplace or wider society
describe institutional sexism in psychology - CORRECT ANSWER-
there are fewer senior female researchers so female concerns
may not be reflected in research, male researchers are more
likely to have their work published, and studies that find
evidence of gender differences are more likely to appear in
journal articles than those that don't
describe Worrell's criteria to avoid gender bias in research -
CORRECT ANSWER-women should be studied within meaningful
real-life contexts, women should genuinely participate in
research rather than being the object of study, diversity within
groups of women should be studied, and a greater emphasis
should be placed on collaborative research collecting qualitative
data
what is cultural bias - CORRECT ANSWER-a tendency to ignore
cultural differences and interpret all phenomena through the
'lens' of one's own culture
give an example of culture bias in research - CORRECT ANSWER-94%
of the studies used in a 1991 social psychology textbook were
conducted in north america, and in 1992 64% of the world's
psychology researchers were american, which suggests that
psychology mainly studies white american males despite
claiming that its results are universal
,describe a criticism of mainstream psychology in terms of
cultural bias - CORRECT ANSWER-mainstream psychology tends to
assume that the finding of western research can be applied
worldwide, but replications of studies such as Asch's and
Milgram's have found very different results in different
countries, so cultural bias may lead to cultural differences in
behaviour being seen as abnormal, inferior, or unusual
what is ethnocentrism - CORRECT ANSWER-judging other cultures by
the standards and values of one's own culture (e.g. Ainsworth
categorised children's attachment type and suggested that
'secure' was the ideal attachment type, however this led to
mothers in other cultures/countries such as Germany being
seen as cold and rejecting rather than encouraging
independence, so the Strange Situation is an inappropriate
measure of attachment type for non-US children
what is cultural relativism - CORRECT ANSWER-the idea that norms,
values, ethics and moral standards can only be meaningfully
understood within specific social and cultural contexts, so
psychologists should be mindful of cultural relativism in their
research, and recognise this as a way of avoiding cultural bias
what is an 'etic' approach - CORRECT ANSWER-looks at behaviour
from outside of a given culture and attempts to describe
universal behaviours
what is an 'emic' approach - CORRECT ANSWER-functions from
inside the culture and identifies behaviours specific to that
culture
, evaluate cultural bias - CORRECT ANSWER-universality of some
behaviours but distinguishing between individualist and
collectivist cultures, participant familiarity with research, can
be used to justify discrimination
describe universality of some behaviours - CORRECT ANSWER-
research suggests that the basic facial expressions for emotions
e.g. happiness and disgust are the same all over the world, so
not all of psychology is culturally relative, and a full
understanding of human behaviour requires the study of both
universals and variation among individuals and groups
describe distinguishing between individualist and collectivist
cultures - CORRECT ANSWER-many past studies have made a
distinction between individualist (e.g. USA) and collectivist
cultures (e.g. China), however critics have suggested that this
distinction is lazy and simplistic, while research such as Osaka's
(14/15 studies showed no cultural distinction between USA and
Japan) may suggest that cultural bias is now less of an issue
because of globalisation
describe participant familiarity with research - CORRECT ANSWER-
research conducted in western cultures assumes that
participants are familiar with the general aims and objectives of
scientific research, but this knowledge may not extend to other
cultures, so the importance of demand characteristics may be
exaggerated when working with a different culture, lowering the
validity of research
describe how cultural bias can be used to justify discrimation -
CORRECT ANSWER-during WW1 psychologists gave IQ tests to 1.75
million recruits, but many of the questions were ethnocentric
NEWEST EXAM 2025 WITH MULTIPLE
CHOICE OF QUESTIONS AND DETAILED
SOLVED SOLUTIONS ALREADY GRADED A+
AND 100% GUARANTEE PASS (JUST
RELEASED!!!!!!)
what is androcentrism - CORRECT ANSWER-when 'normal' behaviour
is judged according to a male standard, so female behaviour
may be misunderstood pathologised (e.g. feminist
commentators say that pre-menstrual syndrome, PMS, is a
social construct that medicalises female emotions while male
anger is often seen as a rational response to external pressures)
evaluate gender bias - CORRECT ANSWER-recognising bias but
contributes to stereotypes, institutional sexism, Worrell's
criteria to avoid gender bias
describe recognising gender bias - CORRECT ANSWER-many modern
researchers are beginning to recognised the effect of their own
bias on their research and embrace it as a crucial and critical
part of research with some including reflection of how their
gender-based experiences influence their interpretation of
events, so reflexivity may lead to greater awareness about the
role of personal biases in future research
describe how gender bias contributes to stereotypes - CORRECT
ANSWER-gender-biased research may create misleading
,assumptions about behaviour and contribute to negative
stereotypes and discrimination, which could provide a scientific
'justification' for denying women opportunities in the
workplace or wider society
describe institutional sexism in psychology - CORRECT ANSWER-
there are fewer senior female researchers so female concerns
may not be reflected in research, male researchers are more
likely to have their work published, and studies that find
evidence of gender differences are more likely to appear in
journal articles than those that don't
describe Worrell's criteria to avoid gender bias in research -
CORRECT ANSWER-women should be studied within meaningful
real-life contexts, women should genuinely participate in
research rather than being the object of study, diversity within
groups of women should be studied, and a greater emphasis
should be placed on collaborative research collecting qualitative
data
what is cultural bias - CORRECT ANSWER-a tendency to ignore
cultural differences and interpret all phenomena through the
'lens' of one's own culture
give an example of culture bias in research - CORRECT ANSWER-94%
of the studies used in a 1991 social psychology textbook were
conducted in north america, and in 1992 64% of the world's
psychology researchers were american, which suggests that
psychology mainly studies white american males despite
claiming that its results are universal
,describe a criticism of mainstream psychology in terms of
cultural bias - CORRECT ANSWER-mainstream psychology tends to
assume that the finding of western research can be applied
worldwide, but replications of studies such as Asch's and
Milgram's have found very different results in different
countries, so cultural bias may lead to cultural differences in
behaviour being seen as abnormal, inferior, or unusual
what is ethnocentrism - CORRECT ANSWER-judging other cultures by
the standards and values of one's own culture (e.g. Ainsworth
categorised children's attachment type and suggested that
'secure' was the ideal attachment type, however this led to
mothers in other cultures/countries such as Germany being
seen as cold and rejecting rather than encouraging
independence, so the Strange Situation is an inappropriate
measure of attachment type for non-US children
what is cultural relativism - CORRECT ANSWER-the idea that norms,
values, ethics and moral standards can only be meaningfully
understood within specific social and cultural contexts, so
psychologists should be mindful of cultural relativism in their
research, and recognise this as a way of avoiding cultural bias
what is an 'etic' approach - CORRECT ANSWER-looks at behaviour
from outside of a given culture and attempts to describe
universal behaviours
what is an 'emic' approach - CORRECT ANSWER-functions from
inside the culture and identifies behaviours specific to that
culture
, evaluate cultural bias - CORRECT ANSWER-universality of some
behaviours but distinguishing between individualist and
collectivist cultures, participant familiarity with research, can
be used to justify discrimination
describe universality of some behaviours - CORRECT ANSWER-
research suggests that the basic facial expressions for emotions
e.g. happiness and disgust are the same all over the world, so
not all of psychology is culturally relative, and a full
understanding of human behaviour requires the study of both
universals and variation among individuals and groups
describe distinguishing between individualist and collectivist
cultures - CORRECT ANSWER-many past studies have made a
distinction between individualist (e.g. USA) and collectivist
cultures (e.g. China), however critics have suggested that this
distinction is lazy and simplistic, while research such as Osaka's
(14/15 studies showed no cultural distinction between USA and
Japan) may suggest that cultural bias is now less of an issue
because of globalisation
describe participant familiarity with research - CORRECT ANSWER-
research conducted in western cultures assumes that
participants are familiar with the general aims and objectives of
scientific research, but this knowledge may not extend to other
cultures, so the importance of demand characteristics may be
exaggerated when working with a different culture, lowering the
validity of research
describe how cultural bias can be used to justify discrimation -
CORRECT ANSWER-during WW1 psychologists gave IQ tests to 1.75
million recruits, but many of the questions were ethnocentric
