NSG 533 Exam 3 2025/2026 Exam
Questions and Corresponding Answers
with Surety of 100% Pass Mark
Universal stages of Heart Failure (HF) - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔- At-risk for HF
- Pre HF
- HF
- Advanced HF
according to the universal definition, what is "at-risk for HF"? - 🧠ANSWER
✔✔- do not have HF, but at risk
- no current or prior s/s
- no structural, functional, or biomarker evidence supporting HF
according to the universal definition, what is "HF" - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔- clinical
syndrome
- current or prior s/s of HF
- caused by structural of functional cardiac abnormality
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
1
,- elevated natriuretic peptide levels
- evidence of pulmonary or systemic congestion
who is most at risk for HF - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔black males and females; older
women
two biggest causes of HF - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔1. ischemic heart disease (CAD)
2. HTN
calculate EF - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔SV/LVEDV
synonym for inotropy - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔contraction (HFrEF)
synonym for lusitropy - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔relaxation (HFpEF)
two organizations for classification of HF - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔1. American
Heart Assocation (A,B,C,D) - based on structure
2. New York Heart Association (None, I, I, II, III, IV, V) - based on physical
activity limitations
how to distinguish cardiac dysfunction versus cardiac HF - 🧠ANSWER
✔✔cardiac dysfunction has structural abnormalities w/o symptoms
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
2
,once a patient develops symptoms along with structural abnormalities, they
have HF
compensatory mechanisms for HF - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔1. Hemodynamics
(Frank Starling Law) - can give inotropes as short term use to increase
contractility (long-term can cause mortality)
2. SNS activation (increase contractility, tachycardia, vasoconstriction)
3. RAAS activation (angiotensin II binds to AT 1 Receptor -
vasoconstriction)
two types of angiotensin II - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔1. circulating
2. tissue-derived
effects of circulating angiotensin II on HF - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔- causes
vasoconstriction
- increases secretion of ADH
- increase aldosterone secretion
- increases sodium reabsorption
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
3
, are aldosterone levels high or low in HF? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔20x higher than
normal
effects of aldosterone on HF - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔- increases sodium and water
reabsorption
- decreased potassium and magnesium
- decreased baroreceptor reflex
- sympathetic activation
list the comprehensive risk factors of Coronary Artery Disease - 🧠ANSWER
✔✔- dyslipidemia
- genetic studies
- modifiable risk factors
- non-modifiable risk factors
- novel risk factors
what are two classes of medications an individual with HFrEF will be
started on? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔1. beta blocker (to counter SNS)
2. ACEi (to counter RAAS)
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
4
Questions and Corresponding Answers
with Surety of 100% Pass Mark
Universal stages of Heart Failure (HF) - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔- At-risk for HF
- Pre HF
- HF
- Advanced HF
according to the universal definition, what is "at-risk for HF"? - 🧠ANSWER
✔✔- do not have HF, but at risk
- no current or prior s/s
- no structural, functional, or biomarker evidence supporting HF
according to the universal definition, what is "HF" - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔- clinical
syndrome
- current or prior s/s of HF
- caused by structural of functional cardiac abnormality
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
1
,- elevated natriuretic peptide levels
- evidence of pulmonary or systemic congestion
who is most at risk for HF - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔black males and females; older
women
two biggest causes of HF - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔1. ischemic heart disease (CAD)
2. HTN
calculate EF - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔SV/LVEDV
synonym for inotropy - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔contraction (HFrEF)
synonym for lusitropy - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔relaxation (HFpEF)
two organizations for classification of HF - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔1. American
Heart Assocation (A,B,C,D) - based on structure
2. New York Heart Association (None, I, I, II, III, IV, V) - based on physical
activity limitations
how to distinguish cardiac dysfunction versus cardiac HF - 🧠ANSWER
✔✔cardiac dysfunction has structural abnormalities w/o symptoms
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
2
,once a patient develops symptoms along with structural abnormalities, they
have HF
compensatory mechanisms for HF - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔1. Hemodynamics
(Frank Starling Law) - can give inotropes as short term use to increase
contractility (long-term can cause mortality)
2. SNS activation (increase contractility, tachycardia, vasoconstriction)
3. RAAS activation (angiotensin II binds to AT 1 Receptor -
vasoconstriction)
two types of angiotensin II - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔1. circulating
2. tissue-derived
effects of circulating angiotensin II on HF - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔- causes
vasoconstriction
- increases secretion of ADH
- increase aldosterone secretion
- increases sodium reabsorption
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
3
, are aldosterone levels high or low in HF? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔20x higher than
normal
effects of aldosterone on HF - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔- increases sodium and water
reabsorption
- decreased potassium and magnesium
- decreased baroreceptor reflex
- sympathetic activation
list the comprehensive risk factors of Coronary Artery Disease - 🧠ANSWER
✔✔- dyslipidemia
- genetic studies
- modifiable risk factors
- non-modifiable risk factors
- novel risk factors
what are two classes of medications an individual with HFrEF will be
started on? - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔1. beta blocker (to counter SNS)
2. ACEi (to counter RAAS)
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
4
