NR-283 Exam 2 Question and answers rated A+ 2025
1. patho of
cerebral ischemia, causes increased BP, decreased HR,
intracranial
decreased respira- tions, pulse pressure widens
pressure (ICP)
2. herniation a life threatening injury where the pressure inside the skull pushes th
brain
stem through the foramen magnum, leading to death
3. symptoms of pain (occurs with stretching of the dura and large blood vessels),
high brain vomiting (pressure is on the emetic center in the medulla)
pressure
level of consciousness changes (pressure is on the cerebral cortex),
4. signs of high
in- creased BP (vasoconstriction caused by cerebral ischemia), slow
brain pressure
pulse, papilledema (swelling of the optic disc), pupils fixed/dilated
(pressure in cranial Nerve III)
5. diagnostic test of ICP CT scan, MRI, Ventriculostomy monitor, lumbar puncture
6. acute treatment ICP is increased due to inflammatory response, acute hemorrhage, or
for ICP acute infections. Medication (diuretics, anti-inflammatories, anti-
hypertensives) and surgery are used to decrease the pressure
7. chronic
ventriculoperitoneal shunt (drains excess fluid into the peritoneal
treatment for
cavity in the abdomen)
ICP
8. considerations of ICP decluttering household areas, wearing a medical alert bracelet
when pre-
for elderly 10. patho of seizure dis- order
9. environment
al changes of
ICP
1/
17
,NR-283 Exam 2 Question and answers rated A+ 2025
ed blood thinners, using assistive and trigger homeostatic mechanisms and reduce, humidity and
devices if balance is poor, temperature can have an ettect on ICP regulation
wearing a helmet when using a
bicycle, motorcycle, etc. caused by the increased activation or decreased inhibition of neurons in
an area of the brain causing random electrical signals across
er altitudes will attect pressure multiple neuronal pathways
2/
17
,NR-283 Exam 2 Question and answers rated A+ 2025
11. cause of seizures a change in permeability of the neuronal membrane, neurotransmitte
im-
balances, reduced ability of neurons to exercise inhibitory control
12. seizures often acute and symptomatic, caused by an immediate pathological
health
problem (infection, fever, injury, hypoxia)
13. epilepsy (unprovoked disorder) may be diagnosed by at least 2 unprovoked
seizures
more than 24 hours apart
14. causes of an immediately after a traumatic brain injury, infection within the
acute seizure neurological system (meningitis), electrolyte imbalances (common
with severe hypona- tremia, severe hypoglycemia, withdrawal
from drugs/alcohol, toxins and medications, hypoxia
15. triggers of
can be triggered by an external or internal factors,loud noises, bright
epileptic
flash- ing lights, stress, changes in medications, hyperventilation
seizures
16. aura a visual or olfactory hallucination occuring before the onset of a seizu
17. characteristics lasts from seconds to minutes, unconscious/disorientated, may
of seizures repeat (can cause hypoxia, hypotension, acidosis or hypoglycemia
resulting in brain injury), intense muscle activity, respirations may
be impaired, can be seen on an EEG during the event, injuries can
18. diagnostic tests cause significant complications
for seizures
EEG (most accurate), CT scan, MRI, fMRI, PET, SPECT
19. focal seizures start in ONE SMALL AREA of the brain and attect one or more parts o
the
body, but not the entire, client is usually conscious but may not
always be aware
3/
17
1. patho of
cerebral ischemia, causes increased BP, decreased HR,
intracranial
decreased respira- tions, pulse pressure widens
pressure (ICP)
2. herniation a life threatening injury where the pressure inside the skull pushes th
brain
stem through the foramen magnum, leading to death
3. symptoms of pain (occurs with stretching of the dura and large blood vessels),
high brain vomiting (pressure is on the emetic center in the medulla)
pressure
level of consciousness changes (pressure is on the cerebral cortex),
4. signs of high
in- creased BP (vasoconstriction caused by cerebral ischemia), slow
brain pressure
pulse, papilledema (swelling of the optic disc), pupils fixed/dilated
(pressure in cranial Nerve III)
5. diagnostic test of ICP CT scan, MRI, Ventriculostomy monitor, lumbar puncture
6. acute treatment ICP is increased due to inflammatory response, acute hemorrhage, or
for ICP acute infections. Medication (diuretics, anti-inflammatories, anti-
hypertensives) and surgery are used to decrease the pressure
7. chronic
ventriculoperitoneal shunt (drains excess fluid into the peritoneal
treatment for
cavity in the abdomen)
ICP
8. considerations of ICP decluttering household areas, wearing a medical alert bracelet
when pre-
for elderly 10. patho of seizure dis- order
9. environment
al changes of
ICP
1/
17
,NR-283 Exam 2 Question and answers rated A+ 2025
ed blood thinners, using assistive and trigger homeostatic mechanisms and reduce, humidity and
devices if balance is poor, temperature can have an ettect on ICP regulation
wearing a helmet when using a
bicycle, motorcycle, etc. caused by the increased activation or decreased inhibition of neurons in
an area of the brain causing random electrical signals across
er altitudes will attect pressure multiple neuronal pathways
2/
17
,NR-283 Exam 2 Question and answers rated A+ 2025
11. cause of seizures a change in permeability of the neuronal membrane, neurotransmitte
im-
balances, reduced ability of neurons to exercise inhibitory control
12. seizures often acute and symptomatic, caused by an immediate pathological
health
problem (infection, fever, injury, hypoxia)
13. epilepsy (unprovoked disorder) may be diagnosed by at least 2 unprovoked
seizures
more than 24 hours apart
14. causes of an immediately after a traumatic brain injury, infection within the
acute seizure neurological system (meningitis), electrolyte imbalances (common
with severe hypona- tremia, severe hypoglycemia, withdrawal
from drugs/alcohol, toxins and medications, hypoxia
15. triggers of
can be triggered by an external or internal factors,loud noises, bright
epileptic
flash- ing lights, stress, changes in medications, hyperventilation
seizures
16. aura a visual or olfactory hallucination occuring before the onset of a seizu
17. characteristics lasts from seconds to minutes, unconscious/disorientated, may
of seizures repeat (can cause hypoxia, hypotension, acidosis or hypoglycemia
resulting in brain injury), intense muscle activity, respirations may
be impaired, can be seen on an EEG during the event, injuries can
18. diagnostic tests cause significant complications
for seizures
EEG (most accurate), CT scan, MRI, fMRI, PET, SPECT
19. focal seizures start in ONE SMALL AREA of the brain and attect one or more parts o
the
body, but not the entire, client is usually conscious but may not
always be aware
3/
17
