Test Bank 1 to accompany Economics Sixteenth Edition

1. For economists, the word "utility" means: A) versatility and flexibility. B) rationality. C) pleasure and satisfaction. D) purposefulness. Answer: C Type: D Topic: 1 E: 4 MI: 4 MA: 4 Status: New 2. In economics, the pleasure, happiness, or satisfaction received from a product is called: A) marginal cost. B) rational outcome. C) status fulfillment. D) utility. Answer: D Type: A Topic: 1 E: 4 MI: 4 MA: 4 Status: New 3. When economists say that people act rationally in their self interest, they mean that individuals: A) look for and pursue opportunities to increase their utility. B) generally disregard the interests of others. C) are mainly creatures of habit. D) are unpredictable. Answer: A Chapter 1: The Nature and Method of Economics McConnell/Brue: Economics, 16/e Page 2 Type: A Topic: 1 E: 3 MI: 3 MA: 3 4. According to Emerson: "Want is a growing giant whom the coat of Have was never large enough to cover." According to economists, "Want" exceeds "Have" because: A) people are greedy. C) human beings are inherently insecure. B) productive resources are limited. D) people are irrational. Answer: B Type: A Topic: 1 E: 4 MI: 4 MA: 4 5. According to economists, economic self-interest: A) is a reality that underlies economic behavior. C) is more characteristic of men than of women. B) has the same meaning as selfishness. D) is usually self-defeating. Answer: A Type: A Topic: 1 E: 4 MI: 4 MA: 4 6. When entering a building, Sam diverts his path to go through an open door rather than make the physical effort to open the closed door that is directly in his path. This is an example of: A) irrational behavior. C) marginal benefit-marginal cost analysis. B) a lazy person. D) programmed learning. Answer: C Type: A Topic: 1 E: 4 MI: 4 MA: 4 7. Joe sold gold coins for $1000 that he bought a year ago for $1000. He says, "At least I didn't lose any money on my financial investment." His economist friend points out that in effect he did lose money, because he could have received a 3 percent return on the $1000 if he had bought a bank certificate of deposit instead of the coins. The economist's analysis in this case incorporates the idea of: A) opportunity costs C) imperfect information. B) marginal benefits that exceed marginal costs. D) normative economics. Answer: A Type: A Topic: 1 E: 4-5 MI: 4-5 MA: 4-5 8. There is too little of a good thing when its marginal: A) benefit exceeds its marginal cost. C) cost equals its marginal benefit. B) cost exceeds its marginal benefit. D) benefit is still positive. Answer: A Type: D Topic: 1 E: 3 MI: 3 MA: 3 9. Economics may best be defined as the: A) interaction between macro and micro considerations. B) social science concerned with the efficient use of scarce resources to achieve maximum satisfaction of economic wants. C) empirical testing of value judgments through the use of logic. D) use of policy to refute facts and hypotheses. Answer: B Chapter 1: The Nature and Method of Economics McConnell/Brue: Economics, 16/e Page 3 Type: D Topic: 1 E: 3 MI: 3 MA: 3 10. The study of economics is primarily concerned with: A) keeping private businesses from losing money. B) demonstrating that capitalistic economies are superior to socialistic economies. C) choices that are made in seeking to use scarce resources efficiently. D) determining the most equitable distribution of society's output. Answer: C Type: D Topic: 1 E: 4 MI: 4 MA: 4 11. The economic perspective refers to: A) macroeconomic phenomena, but not microeconomic phenomena. B) microeconomic phenomena, but not macroeconomic phenomena. C) the making of rational decisions in a context of marginal costs and marginal benefits. D) unlimited resources in a context of limited economic wants. Answer: C Type: D Topic: 1 E: 4 MI: 4 MA: 4 12. The economic perspective entails: A) irrational behavior by individuals and institutions. B) a comparison of marginal benefits and marginal costs in decision making. C) short-term but not long-term thinking. D) rejection of the scientific method. Answer: B Type: D Topic: 1 E: 4 MI: 4 MA: 4 13. Rational behavior suggests that: A) everyone will make identical choices. B) resource availability exceeds economic wants. C) individuals will make different choices because their preferences and circumstances differ. D) an individual's economic goals cannot involve tradeoffs. Answer: C Type: D Topic: 1 E: 4 MI: 4 MA: 4 14. Economics involves marginal analysis because: A) most decisions involve changes from the present situation. B) marginal benefits always exceed marginal costs. C) marginal costs always exceed marginal benefits. D) much economic behavior is irrational. Answer: A Type: A Topic: 1 E: 5 MI: 5 MA: 5 15. You should decide to go to a movie: A) if the marginal cost of the movie exceeds its marginal benefit. B) if the marginal benefit of the movie exceeds its marginal cost. C) if your income will allow you to buy a ticket. D) because movies are enjoyable. Answer: B Chapter 1: The Nature and Method of Economics McConnell/Brue: Economics, 16/e Page 4 Type: D Topic: 1 E: 5 MI: 5 MA: 5 16. Marginal costs exist because: A) the decision to produce more of some product means the sacrifice of other products. B) wants are scarce relative to resources. C) households and businesses make rational decisions. D) most decisions do not involve sacrifices or tradeoffs. Answer: A Type: D Topic: 1 E: 3 MI: 3 MA: 3 17. The assertion that "There is no free lunch" means that: A) there are always tradeoffs between economic goals. B) all production involves the use of scarce resources and thus the sacrifice of alternative goods. C) marginal analysis is not used in economic reasoning. D) choices need not be made if behavior is rational. Answer: B Type: A Topic: 1 E: 4 MI: 4 MA: 4 18. Consumers spend their incomes to get the maximum benefit or satisfaction from the goods and services they purchase. This is a reflection of: A) resource scarcity and the necessity of choice. B) rational behavior. C) marginal costs that exceed marginal benefits. D) the tradeoff problem that exists between competing goals. Answer: B Type: A Topic: 1 E: 5 MI: 5 MA: 5 19. There can be too much of a good thing. This statement suggests that: A) rational choice cannot be applied to many economic decisions. B) a good may be produced to the point where its marginal cost exceeds its marginal benefit. C) certain goods and services such as education and health care are inherently desirable and should be produced regardless of costs and benefits. D) a good may be produced to the point where its marginal benefit exceeds its marginal cost. Answer: B Type: A Topic: 1 E: 5 MI: 5 MA: 5 20. Even though local newspapers are very inexpensive, people rarely buy more than one of them each day. This fact: A) is an example of irrational behavior. B) implies that reading should be taught through phonics rather than the whole language method. C) contradicts the economic perspective. D) implies that, for most people, the marginal benefit of reading a second newspaper is less than the marginal cost. Answer: D Chapter 1: The Nature and Method of Economics McConnell/Brue: Economics, 16/e Page 5 Benefits of studying economics Type: A Topic: 2 E: 5 MI: 5 MA: 5 21. Studying economics: A) helps one become a better-informed citizen and voter. B) is detrimental to good citizenship because economics emphasizes individualism. C) is a waste of time since we all participate in the economy whether we understand it or not. D) is important because economics is the science of earning money. Answer: A Type: A Topic: 2 E: 5 MI: 5 MA: 5 22. Learning economics: A) is detrimental to good citizenship because economics emphasizes individualism. B) is helpful to employers, but not to workers and consumers. C) is important because economics is the science of earning money. D) helps students improve analytical skills that are in great demand in the workplace. Answer: D Type: A Topic: 2 E: 6 MI: 6 MA: 6 23. The study of economics: A) is similar to management, marketing, and finance since it emphasizes how to make money. B) is helpful to businesses, but not particularly helpful in making personal buying decisions. C) is mainly an academic, not a vocational subject. D) looks at the economy from the viewpoint of one's own pocketbook, not from the standpoint of society's interest. Answer: C Methodology Type: D Topic: 3 E: 6 MI: 6 MA: 6 24. An economic hypothesis: A) has the same meaning as an economic principal or economic law. B) is usually a normative statement. C) is a possible explanation of cause and effect. D) is a stronger generalization than an economic law. Answer: C Type: A Topic: 3 E: 6 MI: 6 MA: 6 25. Which of the following terms implies the least degree of confidence in an economic generalization? A) a hypothesis B) a theory C) a principle D) a law Answer: A Type: A Topic: 3 E: 7 MI: 7 MA: 7 26. Which of the following terms implies the greatest degree of confidence in an economic generalization? A) a hypothesis B) a theory C) a principle D) an anomaly Answer: C Chapter 1: The Nature and Method of Economics McConnell/Brue: Economics, 16/e Page 6 Type: D Topic: 3 E: 7 MI: 7 MA: 7 27. A well-tested economic theory is often called: A) a hypothesis. B) a prototype. C) a principle. D) an anomaly. Answer: C Type: C Topic: 3 E: 7 MI: 7 MA: 7 28. Economists: A) use both the economic perspective and the scientific method. B) use the economic perspective but not the scientific method. C) make positive economic statements, but not normative economic statements. D) reject theorizing as being impractical. Answer: A Type: A Topic: 3 E: 6 MI: 6 MA: 6 29. The scientific method is: A) not applicable to economics, because economics deals with human beings. B) also known as the economic perspective. C) analysis that moves from broad generalizations called laws to theories and then to hypotheses. D) used by economists and other social scientists, as well as by physical scientists and life scientists. Answer: D Type: D Topic: 3 E: 7 MI: 7 MA: 7 30. The process by which economists test hypotheses against facts to develop theories, principles, and models is called: A) the economic perspective. B) the scientific method. C) policy economics. D) microeconomcis. Answer: B Type: D Topic: 3 E: 6 MI: 6 MA: 6 31. Economic theories: A) are useless because they are not based on laboratory experimentation. B) that are true for individual economic units are never true for the economy as a whole. C) are generalizations based on a careful observation of facts. D) are abstractions and therefore of no application to real situations. Answer: C Type: A Topic: 3 E: 6 MI: 6 MA: 6 32. Theoretical economics: A) is also known as policy economics. B) is the process of deriving principles of economics. C) is highly impractical since it does not deal with the real world. D) rejects the scientific method as being inappropriate for the social sciences. Answer: B Chapter 1: The Nature and Method of Economics McConnell/Brue: Economics, 16/e Page 7 Type: D Topic: 3 E: 7 MI: 7 MA: 7 33. Which of the following is a correct statement? A) Economic concepts or laws that are valid during depression are necessarily valid during prosperity. B) Though not quantitatively exact, economic laws are useful because they allow us to predict and therefore control or adjust to events. C) Economics is as scientific as are physics and chemistry because economic laws are as quantitatively precise as the laws of physics or chemistry. D) Because economics is concerned with questions of "ought," it is a branch of applied ethics and not scientific. Answer: B Type: D Topic: 3 E: 7 MI: 7 MA: 7 34. In constructing models, economists: A) make simplifying assumptions. C) must use mathematical equations. B) include all available information. D) attempt to duplicate the real world. Answer: A Type: D Topic: 3 E: 7 MI: 7 MA: 7 35. Economic models: A) are of limited use because they cannot be tested empirically. B) are limited to variables that are directly related to one another. C) emphasize basic economic relationships by abstracting from the complexities of the real world. D) are unrealistic and therefore of no practical consequence. Answer: C Type: D Topic: 3 E: 7 MI: 7 MA: 7 36. The term "ceteris paribus" means: A) that if event A precedes event B, A has caused B. B) that economics deals with facts, not values. C) other things equal. D) prosperity inevitably follows recession. Answer: C Type: D Topic: 3 E: 7 MI: 7 MA: 7 37. The basic purpose of the other-things-equal assumption is to: A) allow one to reason about the relationship between variables X and Y without the intrusion of variable Z. B) allow one to focus upon micro variables by ignoring macro variables. C) allow one to focus upon macro variables by ignoring micro variables. D) determine whether X causes Y or vice versa. Answer: A Chapter 1: The Nature and Method of Economics McConnell/Brue: Economics, 16/e Page 8 Type: A Topic: 3 E: 7 MI: 7 MA: 7 38. Suppose an economist says that "Other things equal, the lower the price of bananas, the greater the amount of bananas purchased." This statement indicates that: A) the quantity of bananas purchased determines the price of bananas. B) all factors other than the price of bananas (for example, consumer tastes and incomes) are assumed to be constant. C) economists can conduct controlled laboratory experiments. D) one cannot generalize about the relationship between the price of bananas and the quantity purchased. Answer: B Type: D Topic: 3 E: 6 MI: 6 MA: 6 39. An hypothesis is: A) a fundamental truth that all economists accept. B) a tentative, untested statement of possible cause and effect. C) the same as a normative statement. D) also known as a principle or law. Answer: B Type: D Topic: 3 E: 8 MI: 8 MA: 8 40. The term "other things equal" means that: A) the associated statement is normative. B) many variables affect the variable under consideration. C) a number of relevant variables are assumed to be constant. D) when variable X increases so does related variable Y. Answer: C Economic policy and goals Type: F Topic: 4 E: 8 MI: 8 MA: 8 Status: New 41. Which of the following statements is true? A) The process of deriving economic theories and principles is known as policy economics. B) Full employment, price-level stability, and economic growth are widely accepted macroeconomics goals in the United States. C) Normative economics deals with "what is," whereas positive economics deals with "what ought to be." D) There can be too little of a good thing, but never too much of a good thing. Answer: B Type: A Topic: 4 E: 8 MI: 8 MA: 8 42. In formulating economic policy it is important to: A) use only positive economics, not normative economics. B) consider the benefits and costs of the various policy options for reaching desired goals. C) avoid outcomes for which marginal benefits exceed marginal costs. D) use only normative economics, not positive economics. Answer: B Chapter 1: The Nature and Method of Economics McConnell/Brue: Economics, 16/e Page 9 Type: D Topic: 4 E: 9 MI: 9 MA: 9 43. If there is a tradeoff between goals A and B: A) greater fulfillment of A means lesser fulfillment of B. B) goals A and B are positively correlated. C) causation exists between the two goals. D) greater fulfillment of A means greater fulfillment of B. Answer: A Type: A Topic: 4 E: 9 MI: 9 MA: 9 44. The achieving of complete economic freedom is most likely to conflict with the goal of: A) price-level stability. C) an equitable distribution of income. B) economic growth. D) economic efficiency. Answer: C Type: A Topic: 4 E: 9 MI: 9 MA: 9 45. If a reduction in the unemployment rate is always accompanied by a reduction in income inequality, then: A) full employment and greater income equality are conflicting goals. B) full employment and greater income equality are compatible goals. C) reduced income inequality is a more important goal than is achieving full employment. D) achieving full employment is a more important goal than reducing income inequality. Answer: B Type: A Topic: 4 E: 10 MI: 10 MA: 10 46. Most of the disagreement among economists involves: A) the use of statistics. B) the gathering of facts. C) generalizing upon facts. D) policy economics. Answer: D Type: A Topic: 4 E: 9 MI: 9 MA: 9 47. With respect to the basic economic goals of society, for example, economic growth, full employment, economic efficiency, price level stability, economic freedom, distributional equity, and economic security, it can be said that: A) all are accepted and assigned similar priorities in every industrialized society. B) all are precisely measurable. C) some goals are complementary and others are conflicting. D) all are conflicting goals. Answer: C Macroeconomics and microeconomics Type: D Topic: 5 E: 9 MI: 9 MA: 9 48. Macroeconomics approaches the study of economics from the viewpoint of: A) the entire economy. B) governmental units. C) the operation of specific product and resource markets. D) individual firms. Answer: A Chapter 1: The Nature and Method of Economics McConnell/Brue: Economics, 16/e Page 10 Type: A Topic: 5 E: 9 MI: 9 MA: 9 49. Which of the following is associated with macroeconomics? A) an examination of the incomes of Harvard Business School graduates B) an empirical investigation of the general price level and unemployment rates since 1990 C) a study of the trend of pecan prices since the Second World War D) a case study of pricing and production in the textbook industry Answer: B Type: A Topic: 5 E: 9 MI: 9 MA: 9 50. The problems of aggregate inflation and unemployment are: A) major topics of macroeconomics. C) major topics of microeconomics. B) not relevant to the U.S. economy. D) peculiar to command economies. Answer: A Type: A Topic: 5 E: 9 MI: 9 MA: 9 51. Which of the following statements pertains to macroeconomics? A) Because the minimum wage was raised, Mrs. Olsen decided to enter the labor force. B) A decline in the price of soybeans caused farmer Wanek to plant more land in wheat. C) The national productivity rate grew by 2.7 percent last year. D) The Pumpkin Center State Bank increased its interest rate on consumer loans by 1 percentage point. Answer: C Type: D Topic: 5 E: 9 MI: 9 MA: 9 52. Macroeconomics can best be described as the: A) analysis of how a consumer tries to spend income. B) study of the large aggregates of the economy or the economy as a whole. C) analysis of how firms attempt to maximize their profits. D) study of how supply and demand determine prices in individual markets. Answer: B Type: D Topic: 5 E: 9 MI: 9 MA: 9 53. Microeconomics is concerned with: A) the aggregate or total levels of income, employment, and output. B) a detailed examination of specific economic units that make up the economic system. C) positive economics, but not normative economics. D) the establishing of an overall view of the operation of the economic system. Answer: B Type: D Topic: 5 E: 9 MI: 9 MA: 9 54. Microeconomics: A) is the basis for the "after this, therefore because of this" fallacy. B) is not concerned with details, but only with the overall big picture of the economy. C) is concerned with individual economic units and specific markets. D) describes the aggregate flows of output and income. Answer: C Chapter 1: The Nature and Method of Economics McConnell/Brue: Economics, 16/e Page 11 Type: A Topic: 5 E: 9 MI: 9 MA: 9 55. Which of the following is a macroeconomic statement? A) The gross profits of all U.S. businesses were $182 billion last year. B) The price of beef declined by 3 percent last year. C) General Motors' profits increased last year. D) The productivity of steelworkers increased by 1 percent last year. Answer: A Type: A Topic: 5 E: 9 MI: 9 MA: 9 56. Which of the following is a microeconomic statement? A) The real domestic output increased by 2.5 percent last year. B) Unemployment was 6.8 percent of the labor force last year. C) The price of personal computers declined last year. D) The general price level increased by 4 percent last year. Answer: C Positive and normative statements Type: D Topic: 6 E: 10 MI: 10 MA: 10 57. A normative statement is one that: A) is based on the law of averages. C) applies only to macroeconomics. B) applies only to microeconomics. D) is based on value judgments. Answer: D Type: A Topic: 6 E: 10 MI: 10 MA: 10 58. Which of the following is a normative statement? A) The temperature is high today. C) It is too hot to play tennis today. B) The humidity is high today. D) It will cool off later this evening. Answer: C Type: D Topic: 6 E: 10 MI: 10 MA: 10 59. A positive statement is one which is: A) derived by induction. C) subjective and is based on a value judgment. B) derived by deduction. D) objective and is based on facts. Answer: D Type: A Topic: 6 E: 10 MI: 10 MA: 10 60. Which of the following is a positive statement? A) The humidity is too high today. C) The temperature is 92 degrees today. B) It is too hot to jog today. D) I enjoy summer evenings when it cools off. Answer: C Type: D Topic: 6 E: 10 MI: 10 MA: 10 61. Normative statements are concerned with: A) facts and theories. C) what is. B) what ought to be. D) rational choice involving costs and benefits. Answer: B Chapter 1: The Nature and Method of Economics McConnell/Brue: Economics, 16/e Page 12 Type: D Topic: 6 E: 10 MI: 10 MA: 10 62. A positive statement is concerned with: A) some goal that is desirable to society. C) what is. B) what should be. D) the formulation of economic policy. Answer: C Type: A Topic: 6 E: 10 MI: 10 MA: 10 63. Ideally, value judgments are involved at the: A) levels of facts, theory, and policy. C) level of facts only. B) levels of facts and theory only. D) level of policy only. Answer: D Type: A Topic: 6 E: 10 MI: 10 MA: 10 64. Most of the disagreement among economists involves: A) facts. B) principles. C) positive statements. D) normative statements. Answer: D Type: A Topic: 6 E: 10 MI: 10 MA: 10 65. "Economics is concerned with using scarce productive resources efficiently in attempting to satisfy society's economic wants." This statement is: A) positive, but incorrect. C) normative, but incorrect. B) positive and correct. D) normative and correct. Answer: B Type: A Topic: 6 E: 10 MI: 10 MA: 10 66. Ben says that "An increase in the tax on beer will raise its price." Holly argues that "Taxes should be increased on beer because college students drink too much." We can conclude that: A) Ben's statement is normative, but Holly's is positive. B) Holly's statement is normative, but Ben's is positive. C) Both statements are normative. D) Both statements are positive. Answer: B Logical pitfalls Type: D Topic: 7 E: 11 MI: 11 MA: 11 67. The fallacy of composition states that: A) because economic systems are composed of so many diverse economic units, economic laws are necessarily inexact. B) the anticipation of a particular event can affect the composition of that event when it occurs. C) what is true for the individual must necessarily be true for the group. D) because event A precedes event B, A is necessarily the cause of B. Answer: C Chapter 1: The Nature and Method of Economics McConnell/Brue: Economics, 16/e Page 13 Type: D Topic: 7 E: 11 MI: 11 MA: 11 68. The "after this, because of this" fallacy states that: A) because event A precedes event B, A is necessarily the cause of B. B) the very attempt to accomplish a certain objective may create conditions that prohibit the achievement of that goal. C) events may drastically alter plans; one's intentions and actual accomplishments may differ considerably. D) generalizations that are accurate at the level of microeconomics may be inaccurate at the level of macroeconomics. Answer: A Type: A Topic: 7 E: 11 MI: 11 MA: 11 69. The safest way for an individual to leave a burning theater is to run for the nearest exit; it is therefore also the best means of escape for a large audience. This assertion illustrates the: A) "after this, therefore because of this" fallacy. C) fallacy of composition. B) correlation fallacy. D) fallacy of limited decisions. Answer: C Type: D Topic: 7 E: 11 MI: 11 MA: 11 70. Which of the following has to do with the idea that generalizations that apply to individuals are also always valid for a group? A) the law of large numbers C) the fallacy of composition B) the law of averages D) the post hoc, ergo propter hoc fallacy Answer: C Type: D Topic: 7 E: 11 MI: 11 MA: 11 71. The fallacy of composition states that: A) generalizations relevant to microeconomics never apply to macroeconomics. B) expectations give rise to self-fulfilling prophesies. C) generalizations pertaining to individuals always apply to the group. D) quantifiable economic goals are always incompatible with one another. Answer: C Type: D Topic: 7 E: 11 MI: 11 MA: 11 72. The "after this, because of this" fallacy states that: A) positive statements are always followed by normative judgments. B) positive statements can never be proven true or false. C) if one acts on one's expectations, those expectations will always be fulfilled. D) cause and effect can be determined merely by observing the sequence of events. Answer: D Type: A Topic: 7 E: 11 MI: 11 MA: 11 73. If you leave a football game at the end of the third quarter, you will avoid traffic and get home more quickly. Therefore, everyone should leave the game early. This assertion illustrates the: A) moral hazard problem. C) fallacy of limited decisions. B) adverse selection problem. D) fallacy of composition. Answer: D Chapter 1: The Nature and Method of Economics McConnell/Brue: Economics, 16/e Page 14 Type: D Topic: 7 E: 11 MI: 11 MA: 11 74. Which of the following has to do with the problem of distinguishing cause and effect in economic reasoning? A) the law of large numbers C) the post hoc, ergo propter hoc fallacy B) the law of averages D) the fallacy of composition Answer: C Type: D Topic: 7 E: 11 MI: 11 MA: 11 75. Which of the following best illustrates the post hoc, ergo propter hoc fallacy? A) Because it was 90 degrees today, I worked up a sweat playing tennis. B) I took the day off work to go to the beach and that's why it rained. C) Because it rained at the football game, my new sweater got wet. D) Because I have studied diligently this semester, my grade average has improved. Answer: B Type: D Topic: 7 E: 11 MI: 11 MA: 11 76. The fallacy of composition is essentially the error of: A) omitting relevant variables in constructing a model. B) reasoning from the general to the particular. C) confusing cause and effect in economic relationships. D) generalizing from the particular to the general. Answer: D Type: D Topic: 7 E: 11 MI: 11 MA: 11 77. The post hoc fallacy and the correlation problem both relate to: A) the calculation of marginal costs and marginal benefits of any economic activity. B) the issue of determining causation. C) the frequent inability of households and businesses to behave rationally. D) the tradeoff problem associated with competing goals. Answer: B Type: A Topic: 7 E: 11 MI: 11 MA: 11 78. If variables X and Y are positively correlated, this means that: A) X is the cause of Y . B) Y is the cause of X. C) causation necessarily exists, but we don't know whether X or Y is the cause. D) causation may or may not exist between X and Y . Answer: D Type: A Topic: 7 E: 11 MI: 11 MA: 11 Status: New 79. "The government deregulated the electricity industry in California and a shortage of electricity soon occurred. It is clear that the deregulation caused the shortage." This statement needs careful analysis because it may reflect the: A) the fallacy of composition. C) use of loaded terminology. B) post hoc, ergo propter hoc fallacy. D)