USA Neuroscience - Exam 1 (2025) Actual Exam Questions and Answers A+ Graded.

USA Neuroscience - Exam 1 (2025) Actual
Exam Questions and Answers A+ Graded



embryological .development: .sequence .of .events .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-1.
.neurulation .2. .cell .proliferation .3. .migration .& .aggregation .4. .cell .differentiation
.5. .synaptogenesis


neurulation .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-formation .of .neural .crest .and .neural .tube
.from .ectoderm, .mesoderm, .and .endoderm; .neural .tube .becomes .CNS; .fluid-
filled .cavities .within .neural .tube .become .ventricles

cell .proliferation .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-within .the .neural .tube;
ependymal .or .germinal .layer-->lining .of .ventricles
intermediate .or .mantle .layer-->gray .matter
marginal .layer-->white .matter

migration .& .aggregation .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-of .cells .within .definitive
.locations;
radial .migration-->vertical
tangential .migration-->horizontal/transverse .(associated .with .movement .of
.brainstem)


cell .differentiation .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-formation .of .axonal .& .dendritic
.processes; .development .of .cranial .nerves


synaptogenesis .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-formation .of .connections .between .nerve
.cell .to .nerve .cells .or .muscle .cells; .basis .for .neural .plasticity


deficits .in .neurulation .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-failure .of .neural .tube .to .close:
.posteriorly-->spina .bifida, .anteriorly-->anencephaly


prosencephalon .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-forebrain-->telencephalon .&
.diencephalon


diencephalon .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-thalamus, .hypothalamus, .optic .nerves,
.neurohypophysis, .pineal .gland


mesencephalon .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-midbrain

rhombencephalon .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-metencephalon .(cerebellum .and .pons)
.and .myelencephalon .(medulla)

, function .of .brainstem .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-basic .bodily .functions .necessary
.for .survival .(e.g. .HR, .BP, .RR)


cephalic .flexure .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-divides .brain .and .brainstem

cervical .flexure .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-divides .brainstem .from .spinal .cord

sulcus .limitans .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-works .to .divide .dorsal .from .ventral .tube

defects .during .migration .stage .of .development .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-dyslexia,
.lissencephaly .(smooth .brain)


cranial .nerve .development .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-1st: .swallow .& .gag .(14
.weeks)-->V, .VII, .IX, .X, .XII
2nd: .visual .motor .(25 .weeks)-->II, .III, .IV, .VI
3rd: .hearing .(28 .weeks)-->VIII
4th: .olfaction .(31-32 .weeks)-->I

growth .of .brain .due .to: .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-myelination,
.pathways/communication .between .axons .and .dendrites, .vascularization


CSF .from: .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-choroid .plexus: .vascular .tufts .within .ventricles

CSF .circulation: .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-lateral .ventricles-->third .ventricle--
>leaves .ventricular .system .via .foramina .in .fourth .ventricle-->to .outside .surface
.of .brain .and .spinal .cord-->ultimately .reabsorbed .into .venous .system


meninges .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-membranous .protective .layers .covering .CNS;
PAD .(inside-->out): .pia .mater, .arachnoid .mater, .dura .mater

orientation .above .midbrain: .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-anterior=rostral
posterior=caudal
superior=dorsal
inferior=ventral

orientation .at .midbrain .and .below: .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-anterior=ventral
posterior=dorsal
superior=rostral
inferior=caudal

orientation .changes .when: .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-midbrain .bends .at
.diencephalon .junction


midbrain .is .? .to .pons .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-rostral

thalamus .is .? .to .frontal .lobe .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-caudal

cingulate .gyrus .is .? .to .septum .pellucidum .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-dorsal