APHY 101 Final Exam Test Questions And Answers

APHY 101 Final Exam Test Questions And Answers What is dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis? Dehydration reactions link monomers together into polymers by releasing water, and hydrolysis breaks polymers into monomers using a water molecule. Monomers are just single unit molecules and polymers are chains of monomers. What are carbohydrates? Carbohydrates provide energy for cellular activities. These molecules contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. What are lipids? Primarily used to supply energy for cellular activity. Lipids are insoluble in water and include fats, phospholipids, and steroids. What are proteins? Provide structure; energy sources; chemical messengers Play vital role in metabolism bonded amino acids held together with peptide bonds What are nucleic acids? Carry genes and control cell activities. Examples are RNA and DNA. Fats (triglycerides) Used primarily for energy; most common lipid in the body Can supply more energy than carbohydrates Contain C, H, and O but less O than carbohydrates (C57H110O6) Building blocks are 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids per molecule Saturated and unsaturated phospholipids major component of cell membranes; large amounts in nervous system 2 fatty acid molecules and a phosphate group bound to a glycerol molecule steroids 4 connected rings of carbon atoms; widely distributed in body; component of cell membrane; used to synthesize hormones; example includes cholesterol Define amino acids building block of proteins What are enzymes? large molecules that increase the rates of chemical reactions without themselves undergoing any change What are the differences between DNA and RNA? RNA (ribonucleic acid) functions in protein synthesis; DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) stores the molecular code in genes. cell membrane regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell; participates in signal transduction; and helps cells adhere to other cells nucleus surrounded by an enveloper; composed of RNA and protein and is the site of ribosome production cytoplasm consists of a clear liquid (cytosol), a supportive cytoskeleton, and networks of membranes and organelles cytosol the liquid part of the cytoplasm in which various organelles are suspended organelles small, specialized structures in cells which operate like organs by carrying out specific tasks What are the functions of the cell membrane? controls the movement of substances in and out of cells; protects the cell from its surroundings What is the structure of the cell membrane? a double layer of phospholipids, with fatty acid tails turned inward Ribosome tiny spherical structures composed of protein and RNA; the site of protein synthesis endoplasmic reticulum the manufacturing plant; responsible for synthesis of proteins and lipids for use inside and outside the cell Difference between smooth ER and rough ER. With ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is rough ER, and functions in protein synthesis. Without ribosomes, it is smooth ER, and functions in lipid synthesis. Golgi apparatus UPS or FedEx; packages and modifies proteins for transport and export out of the cell Mitochondria