, Essentialg Equations
g CHapTeR 2 G g g Ventilation
∙ Pr4gπ
Transairwayg pressure: Ptag =gPmg —gPalv Poiseuille’sglawgforgflow: Vg =g 8lh
∙g
V 8lh
Transpulmonarygpressure: Ptpg =gPalvg —gPpl Poiseuille’sglawgforgpressure: Pg=g 4g
r π
ΔP
Transthoracicgpressure: Ptt =gPalv —gPbs Airwaygresistance: Raw =g ∙
V
ΔV
Lunggcompliance:g g Cg —g Timegconstants: ΔPg(cmgH2O)g ΔVg (L)
Tg (sec)g =g ∙g ×g
L ΔP C V (L/sec) ΔPg(cmgH2O)
ΔP
g
(Raw) (CL)
Elastance:
gΔ
V
Pg =g
ST ∙g
Laplace’sglaw: Minutegalveolargventilation: VAg =g(VTg —gVD)g ×gbreaths/min
r
g CHapTeR 3 G gg ThegDiffusiongofgPulmonarygGases
Boyle’sglawg(solvinggforgvolume): Gay-Lussac’sglaw: P1/T1g=gP2/T2
T1g×gV1
V2 g =
P2
Boyle’sglawg(solvinggforgpressure): Gay-Lussac’sglawg(solvinggforgpressure):
T1g×gV1 T1g×gT2
P2 g = P2 g =
V2 T1
Charles’glaw: V1/T1g =gV2/T2 Dalton’sglaw: GasgAg +gGasgBg =gGasgAg +gB
∙g gasg≈gA.D.g(P1g—gP2)
V
Charles’glawg(solvinggforgvolume): Fick’sglaw:
V1g×gT2 T
V2 g = Graham’sglaw: 12GMW
T1
Idealgalveolarggasgequation:
PAO2g —g[BPg—gPH2O]gFIO2g —gPaCO2g (1.25)
g CHapTeR 5 G g g ThegAnatomygandgPhysiologygofgthegCirculatorygSystem
Cardiacgoutput:g g COg =gSVg ×gHR
Bloodgpressure:g g Pg =gCOg ×gSVR
gBP
Vasculargresistance:g g
CO (continuesgonginsidegbackgcover)
, Essentialg Equationsg (continued)
g CHapTeR 6 G gg OxygengTransport
∙g
O2gboundgtogHb: 1.34g ×gg%gHbg ×gSaO 2
TotalgO2gdelivery: DOg =gQTg×g(CaOg ×g10)
2 2
DissolvedgO2:g g PaO g ×g0.003
2
Arterial-venousgoxygengcontentgdifference:
Oxygengcontentgofgarterialgblood: Cg(ag —gv)O g =gCaO g —gCvO
∙g ∙g
2 2 2
CaOg =g(Hbg ×g1.34g ×gSaOg)g +g(PaO ×g0.003) Oxygengconsumption:g g VOg =gQTg[C(ag—gv)O ×g10]
2 2 2 2 2
Oxygengcontentgofgmixedgvenousgblood: CaO g —gCvO
Oxygengextractiongratio: Og2 ERg =g
2 2
CvO g =g(Hbg ×g1.34g ×gSvO )g +gPvO g ×g0.003)
2 2 2
CaO
∙g
2
Oxygengcontentgofgpulmonarygcapillarygblood: QS =g CCO — CaO 2 2
CCO g =g(Hbg ×g1.34)g +g(PAO g ×g0.003) Shuntgequation: ∙g CC — CvO
gQ
2 2
O
T 2 2
g CHapTeR 7 G gg CarbongDioxidegTransportgandgAcid-BasegBalance
[HCO3g— ]
Henderson-Hasselbalchgequation:g g pHg =gpKg +glog g
[H2CO3]
g CHapTeR 8 G gg Ventilation-PerfusiongRelationships
∙g
V CO
Respiratorygquotient:g g RQg = ∙g
2
VO 2
g CHapTeR 15 G gg HemodynamicgMeasurements
CO
g Rightgventriculargstrokegworkgindex:
Strokegvolume: SVg =g
HR RVSWIg=gSVIg×g(PAg—gCVP)g×g0.0136gg/mL
g SVg Leftgventriculargstrokegworkgindex:
Strokegvolumegindex: SVIg =g
BSA LVSWIg=gSVIg×g(MAPg—gPCWP)g×g0.0136gg/mL
gCOg Pulmonarygvasculargresistance:
Cardiacgindex: CIg =g PAg—
BSA PVRg=g
gPCWPg
×g80g
CO
MAPg—gCVPg
Systemicgvasculargresistance:g g SVRg =g ×g80
CO
g CHapTeR 17G gg ExercisegandgItsgEffectsgongthegCardiopulmonarygSystem
, Maximumgheartgrate: 220g—gage
g CHapTeR 2 G g g Ventilation
∙ Pr4gπ
Transairwayg pressure: Ptag =gPmg —gPalv Poiseuille’sglawgforgflow: Vg =g 8lh
∙g
V 8lh
Transpulmonarygpressure: Ptpg =gPalvg —gPpl Poiseuille’sglawgforgpressure: Pg=g 4g
r π
ΔP
Transthoracicgpressure: Ptt =gPalv —gPbs Airwaygresistance: Raw =g ∙
V
ΔV
Lunggcompliance:g g Cg —g Timegconstants: ΔPg(cmgH2O)g ΔVg (L)
Tg (sec)g =g ∙g ×g
L ΔP C V (L/sec) ΔPg(cmgH2O)
ΔP
g
(Raw) (CL)
Elastance:
gΔ
V
Pg =g
ST ∙g
Laplace’sglaw: Minutegalveolargventilation: VAg =g(VTg —gVD)g ×gbreaths/min
r
g CHapTeR 3 G gg ThegDiffusiongofgPulmonarygGases
Boyle’sglawg(solvinggforgvolume): Gay-Lussac’sglaw: P1/T1g=gP2/T2
T1g×gV1
V2 g =
P2
Boyle’sglawg(solvinggforgpressure): Gay-Lussac’sglawg(solvinggforgpressure):
T1g×gV1 T1g×gT2
P2 g = P2 g =
V2 T1
Charles’glaw: V1/T1g =gV2/T2 Dalton’sglaw: GasgAg +gGasgBg =gGasgAg +gB
∙g gasg≈gA.D.g(P1g—gP2)
V
Charles’glawg(solvinggforgvolume): Fick’sglaw:
V1g×gT2 T
V2 g = Graham’sglaw: 12GMW
T1
Idealgalveolarggasgequation:
PAO2g —g[BPg—gPH2O]gFIO2g —gPaCO2g (1.25)
g CHapTeR 5 G g g ThegAnatomygandgPhysiologygofgthegCirculatorygSystem
Cardiacgoutput:g g COg =gSVg ×gHR
Bloodgpressure:g g Pg =gCOg ×gSVR
gBP
Vasculargresistance:g g
CO (continuesgonginsidegbackgcover)
, Essentialg Equationsg (continued)
g CHapTeR 6 G gg OxygengTransport
∙g
O2gboundgtogHb: 1.34g ×gg%gHbg ×gSaO 2
TotalgO2gdelivery: DOg =gQTg×g(CaOg ×g10)
2 2
DissolvedgO2:g g PaO g ×g0.003
2
Arterial-venousgoxygengcontentgdifference:
Oxygengcontentgofgarterialgblood: Cg(ag —gv)O g =gCaO g —gCvO
∙g ∙g
2 2 2
CaOg =g(Hbg ×g1.34g ×gSaOg)g +g(PaO ×g0.003) Oxygengconsumption:g g VOg =gQTg[C(ag—gv)O ×g10]
2 2 2 2 2
Oxygengcontentgofgmixedgvenousgblood: CaO g —gCvO
Oxygengextractiongratio: Og2 ERg =g
2 2
CvO g =g(Hbg ×g1.34g ×gSvO )g +gPvO g ×g0.003)
2 2 2
CaO
∙g
2
Oxygengcontentgofgpulmonarygcapillarygblood: QS =g CCO — CaO 2 2
CCO g =g(Hbg ×g1.34)g +g(PAO g ×g0.003) Shuntgequation: ∙g CC — CvO
gQ
2 2
O
T 2 2
g CHapTeR 7 G gg CarbongDioxidegTransportgandgAcid-BasegBalance
[HCO3g— ]
Henderson-Hasselbalchgequation:g g pHg =gpKg +glog g
[H2CO3]
g CHapTeR 8 G gg Ventilation-PerfusiongRelationships
∙g
V CO
Respiratorygquotient:g g RQg = ∙g
2
VO 2
g CHapTeR 15 G gg HemodynamicgMeasurements
CO
g Rightgventriculargstrokegworkgindex:
Strokegvolume: SVg =g
HR RVSWIg=gSVIg×g(PAg—gCVP)g×g0.0136gg/mL
g SVg Leftgventriculargstrokegworkgindex:
Strokegvolumegindex: SVIg =g
BSA LVSWIg=gSVIg×g(MAPg—gPCWP)g×g0.0136gg/mL
gCOg Pulmonarygvasculargresistance:
Cardiacgindex: CIg =g PAg—
BSA PVRg=g
gPCWPg
×g80g
CO
MAPg—gCVPg
Systemicgvasculargresistance:g g SVRg =g ×g80
CO
g CHapTeR 17G gg ExercisegandgItsgEffectsgongthegCardiopulmonarygSystem
, Maximumgheartgrate: 220g—gage