Microbiology Final Review Exam 218 Questions with
Verified Answers
3 shapes of bacteria - CORRECT ANSWER rod, cocci and spiral
binary fission - CORRECT ANSWER the way that bacteria reproduce
growth phases - CORRECT ANSWER lag, log, stationary, decline
spores - CORRECT ANSWER high resistant survival structure; can withstand boiling
water, alcohol, and radiation
obligate aerobe - CORRECT ANSWER require oxygen to grow
microaerophilic - CORRECT ANSWER prefer oxygen slightly lower than air
anaerobe - CORRECT ANSWER cannot use oxygen
aetotolerant - CORRECT ANSWER insensitive to oxygen but can grow in its
presence
obligate anaerobe - CORRECT ANSWER inhibited by oxygen
facultative - CORRECT ANSWER grow under with condition
capnophilic - CORRECT ANSWER require an atmosphere that is low in oxygen and
rich in carbon dioxide
heat - CORRECT ANSWER denatures proteins
thermal death time - CORRECT ANSWER time required to kill bacteria at given
temperatures
thermal death point - CORRECT ANSWER minimum temperature at which the
bacteria dies in a given time period
,boiling - CORRECT ANSWER faster and more effective at a lower temperature than
dry heat; kills microbes by denaturing proteins
pasteurization - CORRECT ANSWER reduces bacterial population in food and drink
holding pasteurization - CORRECT ANSWER 63°C - bacteria is killed in 30 minutes
flash pasteurization - CORRECT ANSWER 72°C - bacteria is killed in 15-17 seconds
ultra pasteurization - CORRECT ANSWER 82°C - bacteria is killed in 3 seconds
UV light - CORRECT ANSWER causes thymine molecules to link together (thymine
dimers); sterilizes materials
filters - CORRECT ANSWER high-efficiency air filters (HEPA)
sterilization - CORRECT ANSWER destruction of all living microbes, spores and
viruses
antiseptics - CORRECT ANSWER used to destroy pathogens on a living surface
sanitation - CORRECT ANSWER reduces the amount of pathogens or discourages
their growth
disinfectants - CORRECT ANSWER applied to fomites for sanitation
detergents - CORRECT ANSWER poke holes in the cell walls; surfactants
bacterial targets for antimicrobial drugs - CORRECT ANSWER protein synthesis,
nucleic acid synthesis, cell wall synthesis, cell membrane, folic acid metabolism
Penicillin - CORRECT ANSWER a mold that produces a substance that kills gram
positive bacteria
what does Penicillin interfere with - CORRECT ANSWER cell wall synthesis, causing
the cell to burst or lyse
, Tetracycline - CORRECT ANSWER a broad spectrum antibiotic that binds with
calcium
what does Tetracycline interfere with - CORRECT ANSWER protein synthesis
4 mechanisms for antibiotic resistance - CORRECT ANSWER antibiotic activation,
target modification, active export of antibiotics, alternate metabolic pathway
stages of disease progression - CORRECT ANSWER incubation period, prodromal
period, acme period (climax), period of decline, period of convalescence
exotoxins - CORRECT ANSWER proteins produced during bacterial metabolism
endotoxins - CORRECT ANSWER released upon disintegration of gram-negative
cells
antitoxins - CORRECT ANSWER produced by the host body to neutralize toxins
toxoids - CORRECT ANSWER toxins whose toxicity has been destroyed but still
elicit an immune response
nosocomial infections - CORRECT ANSWER serious health threats within the
health care system
HAIs - CORRECT ANSWER healthcare associated infection; occur as a result of
receiving treatment for another condition
first line of defense - CORRECT ANSWER skin, mucous membrane, secretions of
the skin and mucous membrane
second line of defense - CORRECT ANSWER phagocytic white blood cells,
antimicrobial proteins and the inflammatory response
monocyte - CORRECT ANSWER phagocyte that matures into macrophages in
tissue
Verified Answers
3 shapes of bacteria - CORRECT ANSWER rod, cocci and spiral
binary fission - CORRECT ANSWER the way that bacteria reproduce
growth phases - CORRECT ANSWER lag, log, stationary, decline
spores - CORRECT ANSWER high resistant survival structure; can withstand boiling
water, alcohol, and radiation
obligate aerobe - CORRECT ANSWER require oxygen to grow
microaerophilic - CORRECT ANSWER prefer oxygen slightly lower than air
anaerobe - CORRECT ANSWER cannot use oxygen
aetotolerant - CORRECT ANSWER insensitive to oxygen but can grow in its
presence
obligate anaerobe - CORRECT ANSWER inhibited by oxygen
facultative - CORRECT ANSWER grow under with condition
capnophilic - CORRECT ANSWER require an atmosphere that is low in oxygen and
rich in carbon dioxide
heat - CORRECT ANSWER denatures proteins
thermal death time - CORRECT ANSWER time required to kill bacteria at given
temperatures
thermal death point - CORRECT ANSWER minimum temperature at which the
bacteria dies in a given time period
,boiling - CORRECT ANSWER faster and more effective at a lower temperature than
dry heat; kills microbes by denaturing proteins
pasteurization - CORRECT ANSWER reduces bacterial population in food and drink
holding pasteurization - CORRECT ANSWER 63°C - bacteria is killed in 30 minutes
flash pasteurization - CORRECT ANSWER 72°C - bacteria is killed in 15-17 seconds
ultra pasteurization - CORRECT ANSWER 82°C - bacteria is killed in 3 seconds
UV light - CORRECT ANSWER causes thymine molecules to link together (thymine
dimers); sterilizes materials
filters - CORRECT ANSWER high-efficiency air filters (HEPA)
sterilization - CORRECT ANSWER destruction of all living microbes, spores and
viruses
antiseptics - CORRECT ANSWER used to destroy pathogens on a living surface
sanitation - CORRECT ANSWER reduces the amount of pathogens or discourages
their growth
disinfectants - CORRECT ANSWER applied to fomites for sanitation
detergents - CORRECT ANSWER poke holes in the cell walls; surfactants
bacterial targets for antimicrobial drugs - CORRECT ANSWER protein synthesis,
nucleic acid synthesis, cell wall synthesis, cell membrane, folic acid metabolism
Penicillin - CORRECT ANSWER a mold that produces a substance that kills gram
positive bacteria
what does Penicillin interfere with - CORRECT ANSWER cell wall synthesis, causing
the cell to burst or lyse
, Tetracycline - CORRECT ANSWER a broad spectrum antibiotic that binds with
calcium
what does Tetracycline interfere with - CORRECT ANSWER protein synthesis
4 mechanisms for antibiotic resistance - CORRECT ANSWER antibiotic activation,
target modification, active export of antibiotics, alternate metabolic pathway
stages of disease progression - CORRECT ANSWER incubation period, prodromal
period, acme period (climax), period of decline, period of convalescence
exotoxins - CORRECT ANSWER proteins produced during bacterial metabolism
endotoxins - CORRECT ANSWER released upon disintegration of gram-negative
cells
antitoxins - CORRECT ANSWER produced by the host body to neutralize toxins
toxoids - CORRECT ANSWER toxins whose toxicity has been destroyed but still
elicit an immune response
nosocomial infections - CORRECT ANSWER serious health threats within the
health care system
HAIs - CORRECT ANSWER healthcare associated infection; occur as a result of
receiving treatment for another condition
first line of defense - CORRECT ANSWER skin, mucous membrane, secretions of
the skin and mucous membrane
second line of defense - CORRECT ANSWER phagocytic white blood cells,
antimicrobial proteins and the inflammatory response
monocyte - CORRECT ANSWER phagocyte that matures into macrophages in
tissue
