May 1444, Treaty of Tours - Temporary truce between Henry VI and Charles VII of France. Suffolk (Willi
Part 1 Fall of for a two‐year truce and Henry was betrothed to Margaret of Anjou. Fragile peace lasted until 1499. Opposed
Lancaster, 1450-1471 as Margaret was powerless (20,000 not paid)
- The origins of May 1445 - Marriage of Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou
Conflict, 1450-1459 May 1447 - Death of Gloucester
May 1450
- Suffolk sold Normandy and English lands in France, the parliament accused him of treason and was sent
- CADE’S REBELLION - led by Jack cade.
1451 - Loss of Gascony
August 1453
- Henry VI suffered mental breakdown likely due to hearing of tragic defeats of France.
- Duke of York appointed first term as Protectorate. Supported by nobility due to their distaste for Anjou
Neville's.
1455 Beginning of wars of roses; 1st Battle of St Albans
- York and supporters (Neville’s and Salisbury) went into rebellion against Henry VI. Aim was destruction of
York’s personal desire as chief councillor.
- Henry VI was wounded and Somerset, Percy and Northumberland all dead.
- Yorkist success but still lacked the noble support to control over government and king.
- York obtained old position as advisor.
1455-6: York serves 2nd term as Protectorate.
David Cook, ‘the remarkable aspect of the years 1456-9 is that civil war did not break out again before 1459’
1458 The Loveday Parade
- Fragile peace. It was a staged reconciliation portraying rival factions arm in arms entering St Paul's.
- Superficial act of unity
- While York dealing with problems in Ireland, enmity between Margaret and Warwick grew.
1459
September: Battle of Blore Heath - Success for York and supporters Salisbury and Warwick. Lancastri
October: ‘Rout’ of Ludford - Much of Yorkists army was defeated, Salisbury and Warwick fled. York took
Edward took refuge in Calais.
November: Parliament of Devils - Margaret convinced Henry VI in publicly branding York, Salisbury an
seized. Also it disinherited Yorkists leaders heirs - shocking; turned some against the Crown.
1460
- The War of the July: Battle of Northampton
Barons, 1459-1461
- ‘Yorkist invasion’ revenge. Warwick, Salisbury and heir Edward returned to England with 2,000
- Lancastrians defeated owing to Lord Grey of Ruthin who changed sides to Yorkists.
- Result: Henry VI and leader Buckingham captured. Margaret and son Edward escaped.
York big victory - forced Henry VI to agree Act of Accord
December: Battle of Wakefield -
- Queen Margaret did not accept Accord - raised troops and crushed Yorkist forces. York and Rutl
1461
February: 2nd Battle of St Albans - Yorkist defeat under Warwick. But Margaret failed to take Lo
and Battle of Mortimeres Cross - Huge Yorkist victory led by Edward IV.
March: Battle of Ferrybridge - Initial skirmish before Towton.
Battle of Towton - Largest battle - 50,000 men assembled. Decisive engagement and Yorkist vic
Edward IV usurped the throne by removing Henry VI.
1461 - Reign of Edward IV begins…
- The Triumph of
the Yorkists, 1464; Edward IV married Elizabeth Woodville. Added court faction unease. Woodville’s conside
1461-1471 supernatural nature about them. Elizabeth’s mother was accused of Witchcraft. They brought in ‘n
Lord Stafford. Very hostile towards Warwick and had an overshadowing influence over court.
- Battle of Hedgley Moor - Lancastrians defeat beaten by a tactically stronger Yorkist force.
- Battle of Hexham - Lancastrians were crushed by the Yorkists. These battles in 1464 were a l
However they failed and Edward IV became king.
1465 - Henry VI captured and imprisoned in the Tower.
1468 - Edward IV’s sister Margaret married Duke Charles of Burgundy
1469 - Warwick and Clarence rebelled against Edward IV
Battle of Edgecote - They slipped over to Calais. To seal their alliance, Clarence was married to
return to England in July 1469 alarmed Edward IV, who called on supporters Pembroke and Devo
and defeated his army at Edgecote. Pembroke was killed and Edward IV was soon captured by W
1470 - Battle of Losecoat Field - In an effort to dispose of Edward, in March 1470, Warwick secr
but his rebels were defeated by Edward.
Battle of NIbley Green, March - one of many private quarrels and feuds between the Beckley's a
many took it upon themselves to pursue bitter family feuds.
Henry VI restored to the throne by Warwick - Louis XI managed to persuade Warwick, Clarenc
Part 1 Fall of for a two‐year truce and Henry was betrothed to Margaret of Anjou. Fragile peace lasted until 1499. Opposed
Lancaster, 1450-1471 as Margaret was powerless (20,000 not paid)
- The origins of May 1445 - Marriage of Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou
Conflict, 1450-1459 May 1447 - Death of Gloucester
May 1450
- Suffolk sold Normandy and English lands in France, the parliament accused him of treason and was sent
- CADE’S REBELLION - led by Jack cade.
1451 - Loss of Gascony
August 1453
- Henry VI suffered mental breakdown likely due to hearing of tragic defeats of France.
- Duke of York appointed first term as Protectorate. Supported by nobility due to their distaste for Anjou
Neville's.
1455 Beginning of wars of roses; 1st Battle of St Albans
- York and supporters (Neville’s and Salisbury) went into rebellion against Henry VI. Aim was destruction of
York’s personal desire as chief councillor.
- Henry VI was wounded and Somerset, Percy and Northumberland all dead.
- Yorkist success but still lacked the noble support to control over government and king.
- York obtained old position as advisor.
1455-6: York serves 2nd term as Protectorate.
David Cook, ‘the remarkable aspect of the years 1456-9 is that civil war did not break out again before 1459’
1458 The Loveday Parade
- Fragile peace. It was a staged reconciliation portraying rival factions arm in arms entering St Paul's.
- Superficial act of unity
- While York dealing with problems in Ireland, enmity between Margaret and Warwick grew.
1459
September: Battle of Blore Heath - Success for York and supporters Salisbury and Warwick. Lancastri
October: ‘Rout’ of Ludford - Much of Yorkists army was defeated, Salisbury and Warwick fled. York took
Edward took refuge in Calais.
November: Parliament of Devils - Margaret convinced Henry VI in publicly branding York, Salisbury an
seized. Also it disinherited Yorkists leaders heirs - shocking; turned some against the Crown.
1460
- The War of the July: Battle of Northampton
Barons, 1459-1461
- ‘Yorkist invasion’ revenge. Warwick, Salisbury and heir Edward returned to England with 2,000
- Lancastrians defeated owing to Lord Grey of Ruthin who changed sides to Yorkists.
- Result: Henry VI and leader Buckingham captured. Margaret and son Edward escaped.
York big victory - forced Henry VI to agree Act of Accord
December: Battle of Wakefield -
- Queen Margaret did not accept Accord - raised troops and crushed Yorkist forces. York and Rutl
1461
February: 2nd Battle of St Albans - Yorkist defeat under Warwick. But Margaret failed to take Lo
and Battle of Mortimeres Cross - Huge Yorkist victory led by Edward IV.
March: Battle of Ferrybridge - Initial skirmish before Towton.
Battle of Towton - Largest battle - 50,000 men assembled. Decisive engagement and Yorkist vic
Edward IV usurped the throne by removing Henry VI.
1461 - Reign of Edward IV begins…
- The Triumph of
the Yorkists, 1464; Edward IV married Elizabeth Woodville. Added court faction unease. Woodville’s conside
1461-1471 supernatural nature about them. Elizabeth’s mother was accused of Witchcraft. They brought in ‘n
Lord Stafford. Very hostile towards Warwick and had an overshadowing influence over court.
- Battle of Hedgley Moor - Lancastrians defeat beaten by a tactically stronger Yorkist force.
- Battle of Hexham - Lancastrians were crushed by the Yorkists. These battles in 1464 were a l
However they failed and Edward IV became king.
1465 - Henry VI captured and imprisoned in the Tower.
1468 - Edward IV’s sister Margaret married Duke Charles of Burgundy
1469 - Warwick and Clarence rebelled against Edward IV
Battle of Edgecote - They slipped over to Calais. To seal their alliance, Clarence was married to
return to England in July 1469 alarmed Edward IV, who called on supporters Pembroke and Devo
and defeated his army at Edgecote. Pembroke was killed and Edward IV was soon captured by W
1470 - Battle of Losecoat Field - In an effort to dispose of Edward, in March 1470, Warwick secr
but his rebels were defeated by Edward.
Battle of NIbley Green, March - one of many private quarrels and feuds between the Beckley's a
many took it upon themselves to pursue bitter family feuds.
Henry VI restored to the throne by Warwick - Louis XI managed to persuade Warwick, Clarenc
